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Justyna Wójcik-Leń , Klaudia Maciąg , Michał Maciąg , Adrian Moskal , Kornelia Moskal , Przemysław Leń

Analysis of the implementation of land consolidation and exchange in the villages of the Leżajsk district

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.7

Rural areas in Poland have a diversified spatial structure. The spatial structure of rural areas is improved by the procedures of land consolidation and exchange, aimed at creating more favourable management conditions in agriculture and forestry by developing the area structure of agricultural holdings, forests and forest lands, as well as rational shaping of land layouts and adjusting real estate boundaries to a system of land reclamation devices, roads and terrain. The Leżajsk district covers an area of 58,372 ha, including 40 cadastral precincts. So far, land consolidation has been performed in 29 villages, covering 46 113 ha, which is 79.0% of the total area of the district. Land consolidation in the Leżajsk district was carried out at various periods due to the changing legal regulations. The paper aims to present a chronological analysis of the land consolidation works conducted in the villages of the Leżajsk district, located in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in 1945–2013, along with anticipated and implemented land consolidation works in the years 2014–2020.

Keywords: land consolidation • rural areas • land use • agricultural production space

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 Monika Maria Siejka , Konrad Słomiany, Mariusz Górak

Analysis of the level of prices and number of transactions, and their dynamics on the housing real estate market – a case study in Katowice

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.25

The development of the real estate market necessitates a continuous need for analyses regarding the distribution of the number of transactions and level of transaction prices of real estate. This information is important for many market participants, such as investors, property owners, creditors, developers, as well as state and local government administration (for fiscal reasons). Transaction price data are systematically collected by administration units and are generally available to citizens. However, prices themselves do not provide sufficient information for the average user. Only when combined with geospatial data, they constitute complete and user-expected information. This publication analyses the distribution of unit transaction prices and the number of housing real estate transactions in the city of Katowice. A publicly available QGIS programme was used for the analysis. The results of the research proved the usefulness of the methodology used. Using the Voronoi diagram, the spatial distribution of the number of transactions in the studied area was presented. Using the methods of graphical data visualisation, the distribution of transaction prices in individual plats and the change in the distribution of transaction prices depending on the distance from the city centre were presented. In the case of the number of concluded transactions, plat 2 dominates, both on the primary and secondary market. In addition, in both cases, 2019 was the year with the most activity. Whereas, the highest transaction prices were recorded in 2020. In secondary trading, it was plat 14, and in primary trading – plat 3. The last year of the analysis is the period in which there was a large jump in prices, with a decrease in the number of transactions.

Keywords: GIS • QGIS • Voronoi diagram • real estate market analysis • spatial analysis

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Justyna Wójcik-Leń

Characterisation of land unsuitable for agriculture and possibilities of its development in rural areas

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.41

Rural areas are influenced by many natural, social and economic factors. The historical conditions of social development, such as the rate of population growth, low yields and chronic food shortages, leading to the development of less useful areas with low production potential for agricultural purposes, have had an impact on the current state of rural areas. In addition, there is considerable fragmentation of agricultural land in these areas and a focus on production to meet farmers’ own needs. Scientific literature comprises many proposals to define agriculturally unsuitable land in relation to the marginal, problem or abandoned land. This depends mainly on the research discipline, the authors and the approach to the issue under discussion. This paper aims to review the terminology and characterisation of land unsuitable for agriculture in Poland and selected European and Asian countries. Moreover, studies have been conducted into the reasons for the expansion of these areas and the ways of their development (e.g., performing forestry functions, growing crops for energy purposes, promoting tourism and recreation as well as pedestrian or hippie bicycle routes, creating ecological areas, terracing the slopes), which in the result is the main priority of agricultural development and improvement of the spatial structure of farms. Realising the specific functions the presented land is intended for should determine the direction of changes in their alternative development. All solutions for the development of these areas should be managed with a necessary consideration of social, economic and environmental aspects.

Keywords: land unsuitable for agriculture • marginal land • problem areas • abandoned land • rural areas • spatial structure of farms

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Methods of revaluation of former geodetic measurement networks

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.61

Geodetic field measurements carried out in the past when establishing and updating the land registers were based directly on geodetic measurement networks. The accuracy parameters of these networks are lower compared to modern geodetic measurement networks. Currently, archival materials of the National Geodetic and Cartographic Resources are used in surveying works on real estate. The following paper presents and evaluates three methods of improving the accuracy parameters of former registry and measurement networks. The first method (I) involves transforming the coordinates of former network points into a current coordinate system based on the coordinates of the adjustment points. The second method (II) is based on a strict alignment of a geodetic network together with additional measurement of selected points to strengthen the network. The third method (III) consists of an inventory and measurement of all existing points of former geodetic networks and a strict alignment of the network to determine the coordinates of destroyed points. The effectiveness of the revaluation methods of former networks was assessed on the basis of experimental studies using data from test objects. Satisfactory results of the improvement of accuracy parameters of the network were achieved by the method (I) in those cases in which the ratio of the number of adjustment points to the total number of tested points was approx. 1/3. Similarly, for the method (III), satisfactory results can be achieved if approx. 30% of network points are used as additional control points. However, in the method (II), good results can be achieved if the percentage of searched-out points used as control points is only about 10% of all network points. Examining the complex surveying works (fieldwork and inhouse studies) has shown that both the method (I) and the method (II) of revaluation of geodetic networks have similar efficiency.

Keywords: modernisation of land and building registry • cadastre • spatial data quality

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Bogusława Kwoczyńska

Analysis of land use change in selected metropolitan areas in Poland based on remote sensing data

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.73

The aim of the study was to diagnose the main trends of changes in land cover in selected communes of Polish metropolitan areas. Detailed studies were conducted in deliberately selected housing estates located in the core of metropolitan area (at least one housing estate) and communes located directly at the border of cities and located on the outskirts of metropolitan areas. The examined communes also differed in the quality of natural conditions of agricultural production. The study used LANDSAT 5 TM and RapidEye satellite images from three limited-time registrations (1996/1999, 2011, 2016/2017). On the basis of remote sensing data, changes in land use were specified by presenting them in a graphic form as compilation of numerical maps. The analyses were performed on processed images (colour compositions), which were subjected to supervised classification using the maximum-likelihood technique. The quality control of supervised classification showed accuracy of 89.3% for LANDSAT 5 TM scene analyses and 91.8% for RapidEye images. Kappa coefficient for the discussed classification was: 0.84 (LANDSAT TM) and 0.89 (Rapid Eye). The results obtained for individual metropolitan areas allow to identify the directions of changes (Land Use Change Cover) taking place in them, with consideration to specificity of each of them.

Keywords: land cover • metropolitan area • satellite data

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Mariusz Zygmunt , Wojciech Boduszek

Comparison of the publicly available digital terrain model provided by the head office of geodesy and cartography with gnss satellite measurement

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.103

Due to the ever-better accessibility of the digital terrain model (DTM), it is enjoying growing popularity as a source of information about the surrounding world. It became even more approachable when DTM data covering the whole of Poland was made available free of charge on the Geoportal website. The GRID with a resolution of 1 meter per 1 meter covers virtually the entire country. The data on the Geoportal does not only refer to the measurements processed into a grid of squares, but also includes measurement data. They can be accessed through a systematic division into section sheets in the 1992 system. The paper presents research on assessing the accuracy of these publicly available data, compared to measurements obtained with the GNSS observations. The analysis involved data directly from the measurement device, not yet processed into a grid of squares. As part of the research, the height of 3 objects was compared. It was decided to measure the terrain profiles. To get as close as possible to the source data provided at the Geoportal website, the selected points of profiles previously identified in the point cloud were measured. This approach freed the final results from the need for height interpolation for the data selected for analysis. As result, the potential source of errors in such an approach was eliminated. Although during a classical profile measurement with this technology the selection of points would certainly be different, for research purposes this approach seems optimal. For this reason, in addition to the expected deviations resulting from the height differences of the tested points, deviations from the data from the point cloud of the XY coordinates, related to the adopted technology, are also presented.

Keywords: digital terrain model (DTM) • point cloud • DTM error • GNSS

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Bogusław Michalec

Determination of the silting rate of thuringian dam reservoirs on the example of Dachwig and Ohra reservoirs

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.1.117

The silting process of reservoirs limits their use. Predicting this process is important for economic reasons. The paper assesses the possibility of using the methods of forecasting the silting process developed in studies of small Polish reservoirs to determine this process in reservoirs in other geographical regions. This analysis covers the Dachwig and Ohra reservoirs, located in Thuringia, Germany. The forecast of silting was developed using the Gončarov formula according to the guidelines in force in Poland and following the empirical formula used to calculate the average annual silting. It allowed determining the rate of silting. Based on the results of calculations using the Gončarov formula, it was found that the degree of silting after 100 years of operation of the Dachwig and Ohra reservoirs will be 2.45% and 0.001%, respectively. The average annual silting rate calculated from these data was found to be lower than that calculated using the empirical formula. The limitation of the empirical formula is also the reason for obtaining higher values of the average annual silting degree, which was developed in studies of reservoirs with capacities smaller than 3.86 million m3. Thus, for the 2.1 million m3 Dachwig reservoir, a difference of 43% in results was obtained, while for the much larger 17.5 million m3 Ohra reservoir, results differing by as much as three times were obtained.

Keywords: silting degree • silting intensity • silting forecast

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Łukasz Byś

A contemporary method of activating manor complexes on the example of Pisary village

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.7

In Poland, manor complexes are a reminder of the country’s history, identity and culture. Their activation is necessary to save them from being forgotten. The aim of the conceptual design presented in this paper is to determine the adaptability of the area at the former manor granary in the village of Pisary, located in the municipality of  Zabierzów in the Małopolskie Voivodeship. The planned activities are meant to transform the area for agritourism purposes and make it
available to both visitors and residents of the municipality. The changes in the selected area over the centuries were traced with analytical methods involving field research. Based on the opportunities offered by the surrounding landscape parks, potential uses of the area were also identified. In addition, efforts were made to symbolically merge the manor estate, the structure of which had been upset by the land parcelling. As a result of the analyses, three main zones were delineated, namely the recreation, educational and service zones. The project includes an adaptation of historic buildings for agritourism purposes together with accompanying services.
In the conceptual design, the picturesque courtyard was developed into a multifunctional centre at a historic site with accompanying infrastructure. The terrain and natural conditions were utilised to create tourist attractions, providing active recreation. The centuries-old park, for example, has been made more suitable for walking and admiring the local fauna and flora. These interventions have enhanced the high landscape values of the site, ensuring that it meets the needs of contemporary visitors. This project shows how an attractive and welcoming facility can be created with little interference and in respect of the history of the site. This project is an example of how to use natural, geological, landscape and historical values to design an interesting point on the tourist map of the municipality.

Keywords: Pisary • adaptation • manor complex activation • tourism

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Małgorzata Frosik

Undeveloped non-investment land properties versus designated for single-family housing, as illustrated with the example of the Niepołomice municipality

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.19

The Niepołomice municipality is located approx. 25 km from the center of Kraków and directly adjoins the Kraków agglomeration from the south-east. Its natural boundaries are marked by the Vistula River and the Niepołomice Forest. The municipality of Niepołomice is highly attractive to investors, which is due, inter alia, to lower real estate prices compared to the neighboring city of Kraków (the capital of the voivodeship), the presence of an industrial zone that guarantees
numerous jobs, good transport connections with Kraków, and a substantial amount of green and recreational areas.
The market of undeveloped land in Niepołomice is dynamic and very diverse, but when the transactions are grouped according to their designated functional purpose in the local spatial development plan, certain trends characteristic of a given group of transactions can be observed. In the present study, we attempt to compare the market of undeveloped non-investment land properties (with intended land use in the local zoning plan defined as agricultural land, green areas, etc.) and those designated for the development of single-family housing, across the entire Niepołomice municipality, on the basis of transactions made in the local real estate market during the 2020–2021 period.

Keywords: real estate market • property prices • Niepołomice Municipality

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Szczepan Budkowski

Regulations for unmanned aerial vehicle flights in poland and other european countries – an analysis of the applicable law

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.27

In Poland, a growing interest in unmanned aerial vehicles has been observed in successive years. First and foremost, the development trend concerns operations with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles – i.e. drones – employed for sport, recreational, and commercial purposes. The aim of the present study is to familiarize the users of drones with the most important issues related to the various regulations and responsibility for their flights in Poland and other European countries. Unmanned aerial vehicles expand the spatial range in which research can be conducted. The work uses the method of critical analysis and case analysis based on legislative changes in Polish and European law. The research subject addressed the characteristics of the pertinent aviation law regulations, including those applicable to unmanned aerial vehicles. In this context, a study of regulations in European countries was also conducted, indicating the differences between individual countries. The article is a kind of resume of legislative regulations in force in Europe in the context of unmanned aerial vehicles. Extensive legal systems require the pilot of unmanned aerial vehicles to have professional knowledge required to carry out drone missions safely. The conducted analysis of the rules of UAV flights in various countries allows for the conclusion that the introduced changes, aimed at unifying the regulations across all European Union countries, are highly justified. Compared to some other European Union countries, in Poland the implementation of EU regulations in this respect is at an advanced stage.

Keywords: drone • UAV • European Union • aviation law • CAA • PANSA

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Assessment of the effectiveness of land consolidation works, as illustrated with the case of Bielcza village

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.37

Land consolidation is a process consisting in the designation of new cadastral plots with a different shape compared to the original ones, in order to reduce the number of small and scattered plots of land that make up a farm, and to increase the average size of homesteads. Within the scope of a land consolidation project, works related to post-consolidation land development are also carried out, which mainly include the creation of a functional network of access roads to agricultural and forest land, and the implementation of tasks, which impact the regulation of hydrographic conditions within the area covered by the consolidation, and which affect land reclamation.

Having understood the opportunities as well as threats related to the construction of the highway, the Self-government of the Małopolska region (Małopolskie Voivodship) initiated activities related to the implementation of the first infrastructural consolidations in Poland in relation to the proposed highway-adjoining areas. On September 21, 2005, an agreement was signed with the General Directorate for National Roads and Highways in Warsaw [Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad w Warszawie], pertaining to cooperation regarding the consolidation of land related to the Kraków-Tarnów section of the A4 highway, currently under construction. Infrastructural consolidation, otherwise known as highway-related land consolidation, is a procedure that consists in ordering the space adjacent to the highway construction area, as well as to another investment project in linear form. The purpose of the present article is to investigate the effectiveness of land consolidation works in connection with the construction of the highway, as illustrated with the example of a part of the village of Bielcza, in Borzęcin municipality, Brest district.

Keywords: village • land consolidation • A4 highway

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Renata Różycka-Czas , Natalia Zając

Quality of life in the context of the distance from the city centre and access to green areas, illustrated with the case of Kraków district

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.49

The aim of the study was to determine the diversity in the standard of living of the inhabitants across the municipalities that make up the Kraków district (powiat krakowski). The study examined the socio-economic conditions and the relationship between the standard of living and the distance from the central city. In their research, the authors also attempted to determine the relationship between the quality of life and the accessibility of green areas. The standard of living and accessibility of green areas were defined as synthetic indicators, using the non-model method. In order to verify the research questions, the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was
applied. The basis for calculating the value of the green areas accessibility index was a network analysis conducted using the QGIS 3.16 software, applied to the CORINE Land Cover 2018 and OpenStreetMap data. The research on the standard of living and quality of life was based on data from public statistics. Ultimately, two classifications were obtained: (1) the standard of living and the quality of life, and (2) the accessibility of green areas. Significant differences in the values of the quality of life and standard of living index were demonstrated. It was concluded that the municipalities of Wielka Wieś, Zabierzów, and Zielonki have the highest standard of living of all the studied area. The best accessibility of green areas is found in the Krzeszowice municipality. In the analysed area, no significant correlation was found between the standard of living and the accessibility of green areas. The results can be applied, among others, in conducting marketing activities of administrative units and as an aid in determining areas requiring the attention of local authorities.

Keywords: network analysis • suburban zone • QGIS • standard of living

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Przemysław Klapa

TLS point cloud as a data surce for multi-lod of 3D models

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.2.63

The development of science and technology had a strong impact on all branches of engineering, including geodesy and the possibility of acquiring and processing measurement data. The best example of this is the Terrestrial Laser Scanning, whih can perform measurements in the form of a multi-million-point cloud. The cloud, representing places and objects, becomes a spatial database. The current problem in engineering is no longer data acquisition and processing, but information excess and redundancy. The solution to this problem is optimisation, which is the process of reducing the amount of data. It should implement its assumptions in such a way as to
remove or reduce unnecessary information without losing the information presented by an object. This issue is particularly important in the process of using point clouds in 3D modelling at various levels of detail. The appropriate levels of the LOD0–LOD4 model require a different type of data: on the one hand ensuring the obtainment of the appropriate accuracy class in the study, and on the other hand, the data source should not contain too detailed information that is unnecessary for the study, which makes the work harder and slows it down due to the need to operate on a huge amount of redundant information Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the scope of work on the optimisation of the point cloud in order to adjust its number and quality to the needs of individual LODs. The results of the work allowed to determine the
scope of data unification for the respective precision groups of 3D models generating.

Keywords: data optimisation • point cloud • TLS • LOD • 3D modelling

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Magdalena Jurkiewicz

Legal and technical aspects of the inclusion of the gesut database in the 3D cadastral system

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.9

The inclusion of information on utility networks and facilities into three-dimensional cadastres has been discussed for years. The concept of cadastre has changed its meaning from a traditional form of a legal and fiscal register to a three-dimensional multitasking system that combines data on real estate obtained from various spatial databases. This shift follows the development of construction technology and increasingly complex design of buildings and structures as well as related networks and technical equipment. Due to the increasing densification of infrastructure networks, a 2D plane representation cannot guarantee that their full management potential is reached. The lack of complete, reliable information on the location of cables, especially those underground, is causing many accidents and network damage, which have serious financial costs. Therefore, it seems appropriate to include information on the layout of the utilities infrastructure in the 3D cadastre, which would complement the relevant property data.
The paper aims to analyse Polish legislation regarding the possibility of including network objects and utilities in the 3D cadastre. In the Polish context, these objects are registered in the utilities network database (GESUT). Thus, the analysis covered the legal acts relating to the functioning of that database. In addition, the technical possibilities of converting data from the existing two-dimensional GESUT database to its 3D form were analysed on the ground of existing research studies.

Keywords: 3D cadastre • utilities networks • GESUT

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Jacek Kuśmierski

Management of herbaceous vegetation in historic gardens – the north landscape garden of Wilanów palace

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.17

Herbaceous vegetation is a critical component of the multi-layered arrangement in historic gardens, enhancing its harmony and natural balance. Despite its numerous advantages, such as limiting weed growth, inhibiting soil degradation, and increasing biodiversity, it remains one of the most neglected components of historic gardens. The objective of this article was to present practical guidelines for the management of herbaceous vegetation in the North Landscape Garden of Wilanów Palace made for the Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów between 2017 and 2018. Analytical studies and design works were conducted for an area of 5.3 ha. Following the principles of conservation with respect to spatial forms and landscape features with simultaneous reference to the composition of natural plant communities and preservation of the existing natural qualities, a list of 106 dominant and coexisting plant species was proposed. Herbaceous vegetation covered in total 39% of the park’s area. The identified species indicated a habitat of subcontinental oak-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum calamagrostietosum) and willow-poplar marsh (Salici-Populetum). In addition, compositional guidelines and recommendations for implementation, care and use were specified. The correct management of herbaceous vegetation in a historic garden requires a well-thought-out design and implementation process that accounts for cultural values and habitat conditions.

Keywords: Wilanów • historic garden • landscape garden • herb layer • herbaceous vegetation

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Justyna Wójcik-Leń , Przemysław Leń , Arkadiusz Doroż , Barbara Kępowicz  

Hierarchisation of needs with regard to land consolidation works in the villages of southern poland on the example of the Haczów municipality

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.31

The aim of the research was to determine the needs with regard to land consolidation works and land exchange in the villages of the Haczów municipality. The analysis of the spatial structure was based on the calculated factors, and the following paper follows the applied statistical method to determine the necessary sequence of works in the studied area. It includes seven cadastral districts of the Haczów municipality, i.e. Jabłonica Polska, Wzdów, Jasionów, Buków, Haczów, Malinówka and Trześniów, located in the Brzozów district, in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The study had to take into account the structure of land ownership, land use, fragmentation of cadastral plots, and plots with no direct access to a public road. It also includes the calculation of the productivity index of arable land and grassland, as well as specific sizes of the occurrence of the external chessboard of land, i.e. differentials of local and nonlocal land. The analyses allowed us to determine, first, the factors characterising individual localities, and then to present the hierarchy of consolidation works and land exchange in the form of a ranking. The study applies the common method of zero unitarisation. This method consists in normalising diagnostic variables using feature range control. The obtained measures are included in the range [0.1]. The results represent the average optimal value of the measures obtained by each of the individual objects. The position in the ranking of urgency of the land consolidation works and land exchange depends on the size of the synthetic measure obtained. The analysis was based on data obtained from the Land and Building Register of the District Office in Brzozów.

Keywords: land consolidation • land exchange • spatial structure of land • land chessboard • agriculture

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Effect of the agriculture on the quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer of the Tadjenanet area (eastern Algeria)

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.45

The region of Tadjenanet is in eastern Algeria in the high plains, characterized by a varied age detritus Mio-Plio-Quaternary. Some geological formations can be an important source of groundwater (alluvial sand, shell limestone, gravel). Its location in semi-arid area involves evaporation pronounced even tilt the balance in a chronic deficit, excluding periods characterized by rainfall events.
Agriculture in the study area is the first socio-economic activity and the largest consumer of water resources. It is therefore necessary to consider for effective water management. Indeed, the combination of hydrogeological and hydro chemical geological mapping, geophysics, harvested from field data and their interpretations can be an excellent tool for deciding the suitability of water for irrigation.
The analysis of the physicochemical data shows an increase in the concentration of nitrates reaching 200 mg · l–1, as well as the analysis by the Richards SAR parameter shows that most groundwater samples are generally suitable for agricultural purposes with 33%, belong characterizing poor quality.
Indeed, the groundwater in the region generally requires prior treatment before consumption and use depending on the type of crop.
The assessment of the quality of the water in the region and its consequences on the soil and the types of crops has enabled the authorities concerned to manage the water supply adequately to preserve and protect this vital source for the future from any risk of contamination.

Keywords: effect • groundwater • salinity • quality • irrigation • Tadjenanet • Algeria

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Dawid Kudas , Agnieszka Wnęk

Accuracy of determining height differences based on NRTK VRS measurements and using quasi-geoid model

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.59

The paper analyses the accuracy of the determination of normal heights in the national spatial reference system using the PL-geoid-2011 quasi-geoid model. The heights were determined using the PL-EVRF2007-NH normal height system. The paper discusses the results of a measurement experiment consisting in measuring 8 points with the use of the Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) technique and the Virtual Reference Station (VRS) surface correction generated on the basis of the TPI NETpro commercial network of reference stations and with the use of two global satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS). In the experiment, three measurement schemes were evaluated in relation to the number of measurement epochs recorded above the designated point, as well as the order of recording points. The conducted measurement experiment allowed to determine which of the proposed schemes guarantees the best accuracy from the point of view of establishing a height measurement network with the use of the NRTK technique and VRS corrections. The tests showed that it is possible to determine the height difference between points using the NRTK technique and the VRS method with an accuracy of 0.01m. However, to ensure adequate accuracy, elevation differences must be defined as the differences of the measured heights and should be determined several times and based on independent measurements at the beginning and end of the levelling section. Thus, determining elevation differences with the use of the NRTK VRS technique may be particularly effective in areas with large differences in height, where the determination of elevation differences with the use of classical methods is time-consuming. The obtained elevation differences require tying to the points of the height control network with the use of classical methods

Keywords: VRS • NRTK • PL-geoid-2011 • height • quasi-geoid

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Zbigniew Siejka , Volodymyr Hlotov, Mykhailo Fys

Planning measurement campaigns for precise GNSS positioning in various observation conditions

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2022.3.75

Currently, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning systems are becoming widely used not only in geodesy, but in broad positioning in very many areas of the economy and society. The growing popularity of GNSS, especially recent, is related to their significantly increasing availability and a reduction of measurement time to a minimum, while maintaining high positioning accuracy. High positioning accuracy is ensured, among other things, by applications that allow planning observation sessions so that measurement is taken at the best time windows. It is the moment when the impact of measurement errors due to the constellation of observed satellites is the smallest. The following paper presents an example of the use of such an application and its benefits for planning GNSS observations. This type of research is particularly important for urban areas, where conditions for receiving GNSS signals are particularly difficult. Increasing the number of observable satellites and simultaneously minimizing the value of the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) parameter allows obtaining position coordinates (3D) with high accuracy from the point of view of relevance to GNSS measurements. The paper demonstrates the fundamental significance of satellite constellation geometry for GNSS applications requiring high accuracy position determinations, for which correct planning of a measurement campaign is crucial. It avoids this way large errors or conditions that render the observations of a particular GNSS measurement method impossible.

Keywords: GNSS • DOP • satellite observation planning • Mission Planning

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