






The first issue, No. 1
The second issue, No. 2


The first issue, No. 1 (2020)
Małgorzata Dudzińska
, Barbara Prus
Land consolidation as one of the driving forces for socio-economic development of rural areas. Case study of the Małopolska Region
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.7
One of the benefits resulting from the implementation of land consolidation works should be the positive socio-economic change felt in rural areas. The aim of this paper is to examine the level of socio-economic development of rural municipalities of Małopolska Region, in which land consolidation projects were implemented in the years 2004–2013. The following were determined: the scope of implementation of land consolidation projects in municipalities of Małopolska Region, and the level of the socio-economic development of those municipalities. The study employed the following methods: analysis and synthesis of the literature, and the application of spatial-statistical approaches. The study determined that the values of the indicator expressing the dynamics of changes to the socio-economic development of municipalities were three times higher for the municipalities in which traditional land consolidation works were implemented as opposed to infrastructural ones. It was also observed that in the municipalities, in which traditional consolidation works were implemented, the level of socio-economic changes always took positive values, thus indicating the socio-economic development advantage compares to the situation in municipalities in which infrastructural consolidation projects were implemented.
Keywords: agricultural land consolidation • socio-economic level • dynamics of changes in socio-economic conditions • feedback
Guellouh Sami , Kalla Mahdi, Filali Abdelwahhab, Habibi Yahyaoui
Site selection for future industrial infrastructure in the province of Constantine (Algeria)
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.23
The aim of this study is to select the appropriate sites for the designation of future industrial zones in the province of Constantine, Algeria, using a geographic information system (GIS) and Remote Sensing, including the appropriate technical and environmental requirements.
The identification of appropriate sites for the establishment of new industrial zones in alignment with a planning process based on a set of socio-economic and environmental information and instructions has become a key problem for planners.
The factors involved in the selection of sites are classified into two categories (exclusion factors and appreciation factors) to be able to identify the most appropriate areas for future industrial facilities in the province in question.
Keywords: Constantine • GIS • industrial zones • factors • remote sensing • selection of sites
Evolution of online mapping: from Web 1.0 to Web 6.0
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.33
Web 5.0 performance appears limited only if seen through the prism of technological development. It presents the web as a human-controlled tool, which uses algorithms to attempt to personalize, search, and improve user experience, and to act for or on behalf of a person. Meanwhile, in the Web 6.0 era, the world will be quite unlike what we know today. For instance, it may turn out that Web 6.0 will mean the migration of human consciousness to cyberspace or to an unspecified “cloud” (of data, perhaps?). Will online maps even be needed in such a world?
The Web, seen in its current way, is “anchored in metabolism”. Web 6.0 endeavours to face up to that. Namely, Web 6.0 aspires to be an independent entity that functions in the Internet ecosystem, depending on the presence of electro-impulses, but without the necessity of “anchoring” on a durable data carrier. This development path could be indicated by the use of artificial intelligence, data analytics and (genetic) algorithms in Web 4.0. At the same time, it is difficult to say whether Web 6.0 will end up as one synthetic, self-conscious organism or a collective of “other identities”, i.e. the personalities of individual devices integrated in the network.
Keywords: Web 6.0 • independent existence • Web services • Web Technology • Web Application
The impact of raster file optimisation on the performance of a map application
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.53
Interactive data visualisations are popular and come in different forms, from static raster files to dynamic and complex proposals. The usability of the applications can be increased through the improvement of their technical attributes such as a reduced number of external components or image file compression. The objective of the paper is to analyse the correlation between raster compression and the performance of a map application. The research involved an application created specifically for this purpose. Raster compression and performance were measured using selected online tools. Raster compression has been demonstrated to enhance map application performance, although not all performance indicators improved.
Keywords: image compression • web services • geoinformatics • performance indicators • visual quality
Peter Chigozie Nwilo
, Emmanuel Gbenga Ayodele
, Chukwuma John Okolie
, Michael Joseph Orji
, Mnguhenen Funmilayo Marve
, Esther Abidemi Oyelade
, Olagoke Emmanuel Daramola
An assessment of seasonal variations in the cref cors at the University of Lagos
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.63
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing fundamental positioning infrastructure that is accurate and reliable. As such, CORS are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users requiring high three-dimensional (3D) positional accuracy. The Continuously Operating Reference Station at the Engineering Faculty (CREF), University of Lagos was set up in order to support research applications in Surveying, Mapping and Geodesy. This study evaluates the seasonal variations in the 3D coordinates of CREF using metrics such as coordinate differences, Standard Deviation (SD) and Standard Error (SE). The Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS), known as CSRS – Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) was used to compute the station’s daily coordinates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. In the analysis, the daily coordinates were divided into two seasons - the wet and the dry. The results obtained show that the dry and the wet seasons had SDs (5.4 mm, 3.9 mm, and 2.0 mm) and (5.2 mm, 18.6 mm and 14.4 mm) in the x, y and z-directions respectively. Generally, the dry season presents a better result than the wet season as revealed by the accuracy metrics. These results have led to an increased understanding of the seasonal variability inherent in the data acquired by GNSS CORS, and must be taken into consideration: in particular, for GNSS applications such as the weather prediction and water vapour estimation. This study concludes that more needs to be done regarding the maintenance of CREF to ensure data continuity and reliability for geodetic studies.
Keywords: GNSS • CORS • CREF • CSRS-PPP • seasonal variation
Use of geodesy materials in bike orienteering marathons
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.79
The increase in the number of bike orienteering marathons in recent years in Poland has encouraged search for interesting terrains for races that would promise increasingly exciting competitions. In consequence, the significance of various geodetic materials during competition also grows. The type of used maps depends on the length of a race, communication system and the diversity of geological features and land cover. Proper reading of information contained on the maps by the organizers and competitors allows not only to identify an optimal route and find checkpoints, but also to reach monuments worth discovering. Such a presentation of cultural heritage – including the smallest, the most underestimated or forgotten landscape forms – is possible thanks to the ability to use existing maps combined with good orientation in the field.
Keywords: maps • geodesy • orienteering competitions • sense of direction • orienteering • cultural heritage
Maria Zbylut-Górska
, Adam Górski
Selected problems of the value appraisal of real estate built contrary to construction law — part I
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.91
The scope of the examination of the actual condition, and the examination of the legal status of real estate property has long raised practical doubts and dilemmas. In particular, the issue of the valuation expert’s obligation to take into account irregularities in construction proceedings raises a number of reservations.
In the first part of the article, the concept of unauthorized construction works (performed without a building permit) is presented; the duties of the appraiser provided for in the Real Estate Management Act are listed; the consequences of unauthorized construction works performed without a building permit, and other defects in the construction process are described; as well as difficulties in determining whether a given object has in fact been unauthorizedly constructed. Examples of decisions and permits issued in the construction process and their significance for the property appraiser were discussed.
The second part of the article analyses the impact of the building permit on the price of the real estate property and discusses the scope of the obligation for the property appraiser to examine the compliance of the valued property with building regulations. Examples of bank’s requirements for property appraisers will also be indicated, and the problem of the practical significance of clauses included in real estate appraisal reports will be presented. The discussion of all the above issues concludes with a summary.
As a rule, a real estate property appraiser is not a person authorized to assess whether a given object, in whole or in part, has been built or is being used in accordance with building regulations. The appraiser, due to the statutory duty to exercise special diligence appropriate to the professional nature of his or her activities, is required to collect and use all necessary and available data on the given real estate property. If a discrepancy is found in the analysed documentation, the appraiser should mention it in the report. The appraiser is neither entitled nor obliged to determine the causes of the discrepancies. The indicated circumstances justify the inclusion in the report a clause that the valuation of the property in question may change due to discrepancies revealed, or proceedings being conducted. Failure to provide relevant information and reservations may justify the expert’s liability under the applicable provisions of the Civil Code.
Keywords: real estate appraisal • Construction Law • unauthorized construction works (conducted without a building permit) • building permit
Maria Zbylut-Górska
, Adam Górski
Selected problems of the value appraisal of real estate built contrary to construction law — part II
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.101
The scope of the examination of the actual condition, and the examination of the legal status of real estate property has long raised practical doubts and dilemmas. In particular, the issue of the expert’s obligation to take into account irregularities in construction proceedings raises a number of reservations.
In the first part of the article, the concept of illegal construction works (performed without a building permit) had been presented; the duties of the appraiser provided for in the Real Estate Management Act were listed; the consequences of illegal construction works performed without a building permit, and other defects in the construction process were described, as well as difficulties in determining whether a given object had in fact been illegally constructed. Examples of decisions and permits issued in the construction process and their significance for the property appraiser were discussed.
The second part of the article analyses the impact of the building permit on the price of the real estate property and discusses the scope of the obligation for the property appraiser to examine the compliance of the valued property with building regulations. Examples of bank’s requirements for property appraisers are indicated, and the problem of the practical significance of clauses included in real estate appraisal reports are presented. The discussion of all the above issues concludes with a summary.
As a rule, a real estate property appraiser is not a person authorized to assess whether a given object, in whole or in part, has been built or is being used in accordance with building regulations. The appraiser, due to the statutory duty to exercise special diligence appropriate to the professional nature of his or her activities, is required to collect and use all necessary and available data on the given real estate property. If a discrepancy is found in the analysed documentation, the appraiser should mention it in the report. The appraiser is neither entitled nor obliged to determine the causes of the discrepancies. The indicated circumstances justify the inclusion in the report a clause that the valuation of the property in question may change due to discrepancies revealed, or proceedings being conducted. Failure to provide relevant information and reservations may justify the expert’s liability under the applicable provisions of the Civil Code.
Keywords: real estate appraisal • construction law • illegal construction works (without a building permit) • building permit
Justyna Wójcik-Leń
, Izabela Skrzypczak
, Grzegorz Oleniacz
, Karol Ożóg
, Przemysław Leń
Determination of demand for land consolidation works in villages with a ribbon land layout
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.115
In the European Union, the restructuring of rural areas based on the consolidation process is a common activity, and therefore Poland’s membership in the EU has enabled the development of these zones through financial support for the analysed activities. The development of agriculture in Poland, as well as its production capabilities, are spatially very diverse. One of the reasons for this is the process of long-term transformations of the agricultural economy in areas with a different socio-economic situation, lasting for many years. Land consolidation works are aimed at creating more favourable farming conditions in agriculture and forestry by improving the area structure of farms, forests and forest lands, rational land layout, adapting property borders to the land drainage system, roads and land relief. The research was carried out in the rural commune of Żarnów, located in the Opoczno poviat, in the Łódź voivodship, which included 41 registration precincts with a total area of 14,106.0 hectares. In order to create a ranking of urgency of performed land consolidation and exchange works in the Żarnów commune, 32 most important factors characterizing individual villages were used previously. A ranking was made using the zero unitarisation and Hellwig’s methods. The article is a continuation of research, where the authors identified spatial and technical parameters of agricultural land in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the examined commune.
Keywords: land consolidation • ranking methods • arable land • rural areas
Justyna Wójcik-Leń
, Izabela Skrzypczak
, Grzegorz Oleniacz
, Karol Ożóg
, Przemysław Leń
Identification of spatial and technical parameters of agricultural land in the ribbon land layout
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.129
Each developed area in which there are various objects is characterized by specific structures that together form a broadly understood spatial structure. It covers spatial and natural objects as well as those resulting from human activities. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of the Polish countryside seems to be increasingly unfavourable. Rural areas in different regions of Poland are characterized by different spatial parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed research and analysis enabling the selection of appropriate factors describing the area under study in terms of determining the urgency of undertaking comprehensive land consolidation and exchange works, as rural areas in Poland need deep structural changes related to agricultural production, farm size, shaping land layout, demographic, spatial and institutional structure. The selection of factors describing the examined villages was made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the natural, social and economic conditions of the villages on the basis of data obtained from the Land and Property Register of the County Office in Opoczno and data from the Żarnów commune. The research results will allow the selection of the most important factors characterizing the spatial structure of the research area. The purpose of the paper is to identify the spatial and technical parameters of agricultural lands in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the Żarnów commune, which will be the starting point for determining the needs of land consolidation works in 41 villages of the Żarnów commune, located in the Opoczno poviat, the Łódź voivodship.
Keywords: land consolidation • arable land • defective spatial structure of rural areas
Integration of the water and sewage system model with the GIS application
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.143
The GIS system has permanently entered the current operations of water supply companies. Due to the intensive development of cities and the resulting dynamic development of technical infrastructure, which is inherent in the functioning of the city, more and more extensive functionalities are expected from the GIS application. To fulfil the obligation to ensure continuity of water supply and sewage collection, it is necessary to constantly expand the system, extending it with new possibilities and integrate it with other software used in the company. We expect the created application not only to allow spatial identification of network sections, but also to simulate various operating conditions of the water supply and sewage collection system, and facilitate making current decisions related to the system operation and its regulation. Also, situations in which the system works in conditions that deviate from typical parameters are important. These situations can be caused by breakdowns, increased demand for water or heavy rainfall. To achieve the ability to support decisions independently of the GIS system, it is necessary to properly tare the hydraulic models of the system, and an extensive measurement system from which data is sent to the SCADA system via a data transmission system. The cooperation of the GIS and SCADA systems and hydraulic models allows for the creation of integrated software to support operational services. The paper presents a practical example of integration of the GIS system with hydraulic models of a water and sewage system, as well as available functionalities that allow improving the management of the water and sewage system in Krakow.
Keywords: GIS SCADA • hydraulic model • integration • water supply system • sewage system
Smart city Kraków in the historically conditioned environment
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.153
Creating a smart city is a long-term process related to planning a new urban structure, whereas knowledge of the history of the city’s and its area’s development is not without significance. The presented article shows how environmental factors that may have their sources in the past may impact the contemporary creation of a smart city. When planning the development of a smart city, it is impossible not to take into account the history of the city’s development in the past and the environment in which it was created. Changes in Kraków’s environment (the terrain, land forms, and water network) that have occurred over many years have undoubtedly a significant impact on the formation of a specific city profile – not only in terms of geography and climate (humidity, poor ventilation) but also in social, communication and cultural terms. These factors mean that the creation of smart-city in the case of Kraków will have to be slightly different than in the case of other cities with an environment that has been more stable over time. Apart from the lack of financial resources, the development of a smart city in Kraków is hampered by the lack of implemented solutions that would involve the local community in the co-management of the city. In addition, the Open Data concept, which allows public data to be opened and made available to residents in various digital formats, encouraging the creation of new services based thereon, still remains an untapped resource. Some cities, such as Wrocław, Poznań or Łódź have tried to make available some of the city’s data, albeit to a very small extent. Another problem is the lack of spatial planning and urban chaos. Reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is also a substantial challenge facing the local authorities. A majority of large Polish cities, especially in winter, exceed the permissible air pollution standards, which automatically excludes them from the group of smart cities.
Keywords: smart city • technologies • environmental conditions
Izabela Piech
, Tadeusz Żaba
, Piotr Bordzoń
Inventorying of power network using detection techniques
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.163
The dynamic development of digital technology allows for fast processing of geospatial information for military and civilian applications. Updating geospatial information is an important source of development for today’s economy, based on the freedom of access to databases, and obtaining data using images in different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum is a comprehensive solution for spatial analysis. Dissemination of research on image acquisition and image processing allows placing sensors at different heights above the Earth’s surface [Dąbrowski et al. 2010].
Technological progress allows greater flexibility in the implementation of commissions that enable, over time, obtaining data in an increasingly economical way. An example of technological optimization is the UAV – the unmanned aerial vehicle – technique, which makes it possible to compete with traditional imaging tasks using aerial photographs [Bareth et al. 2015]. Remote sensing applications are becoming more and more common. This is due to the increase in the capacity of photosensitive matrices, which translates into an increase in image resolution. Due to the tendency towards improvement, better image quality, and increasingly sophisticated algorithms for multispectral image analysis, remote sensing applications will constitute an increasing range of services.
The factor favouring the satellite technique is the occurrence of continuous shooting in a short time interval, which affects the popularization of this technique due to the gathering and updating of the collection.
By using various techniques, a quantitative and qualitative analysis will be made, coupled with an assessment of the accuracy of the location of objects, costs and efficiency for each method. Remote sensing is based on the classification of objects. Classes represent the respective values from the intervals, in which different wavelengths interact with the object through reflection, absorption or transmission.
Keywords: GIS • spectral channels • classification • WORLDVIEW-3 • GSD • NIIRS
The second issue, No. 2 (2020)
Szczepan Budkowski , Jacek Gniadek
Boundaries in the real estate cadastre – establishment of boundaries in the land and building records
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.7
In Poland, the land and building records serve as the real estate cadastre and are subject to periodic and ongoing updating in accordance with applicable regulations. The district governor (starosta) is obliged to keep records of land and buildings. Descriptive data is kept by land and mortgage courts. The correct plot designation in the register defines the property as a subject of legal circulation. The purpose of the present publication is to clarify the problems associated with establishing the boundaries of registration plots in the context of the possibility of using a multidimensional cadastre. The publication also contains an assessment of selected technical and legal aspects related to the above-mentioned tasks.
Keywords: land and building records • multidimensional cadaster • legal boundary
Factors shaping the price of geodetic works in regard to the necessity of adapting land and buildings register databases to the requirements of the inspire directive based on the example of Małopolskie Voivodeship
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.15
The development of the information society requires an appropriate infrastructure. One of its pillars is information on the boundaries of property ownership rights and information on buildings. According to Polish regulations, this information is included in the land and buildings register database (EGiB). In case of poor quality and incomplete data that does not meet statutory requirements, a modernization of the database is necessary. Its proper execution requires large amount of work and money. For this reason in recent years many programs have been created, co-financed from EU funds, under which geodetic works are conducted, including the modernization of the land and buildings register database.
The paper presents an analysis of the main factors affecting the prices of modernization of land and buildings register in Małopolskie Voivodeship. For this purpose, data from tenders for the modernization of the EGIB database, published by public administration units operating this database, were used. The model containing multiple regressions allowed to estimate that the cost per unit of modernizing EGiB is impacted by: total plots/ha, the amount of buildings for measurement/ha and the type of maps in geodetic documentation.
Keywords: modernization of land records • prices of geodetic works • INSPIRE Directive
The applications of edge-detection image filtering in medical imaging and diagnosis
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.25
This article presents examples of the use of image filtering for various types of diagnostic medical imaging in order to improve their interpretative value, and thus to improve the diagnostic reliability of that imaging.
As research and visual tests have shown, in many cases, the use of digital image filtering makes it possible to significantly improve not only image quality, but also their readability or clarity, thus contributing to a more accurate and precise reading and interpretation of information contained in the images.
The author proposed specific filters that largely meet the assumed conditions and constitute a supplement, and sometimes introduce a possible new application in addition to those already known in subject literature.
A visual assessment was also made of the degree of diagnostic usefulness of images after filtration compared to the source images.
The most commonly used filters are those that not only help to improve the overall appearance and quality of the image, but also, on the one hand, help to extract or highlight certain information, or to reduce noise, on the other hand. Thanks to these solutions, it is possible to smoothen or sharpen some structures within the images, which impacts their readability and quality.
Thus, image filtering has become a very desirable and useful tool in many fields of science, technology, as well as art and medicine. The subject matter of image transformation is here applied to the latter discipline.
Keywords: medical imaging • edge-detection • image filtering • photo-interpretation
The impact of code minification on map application performance
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.41
There are many techniques available today for publishing maps in web browsers. The material is often created using geographical information systems (GIS). The performance, most often understood as the speed of loading the application into a web browser, is the determinant of the viewing experience. The performance of a map application can be improved through such process as minification. The purpose of the study is to measure the impact of minification on the performance of the map component.
Code minification was performed by selected web applications. The performance of two applications, GTmetrix and Dareboost, was tested. Two research questions have been posed: RQ1: How great a reduction in the size of component files of an application can be achieved with minification? and RQ2: How will the minification affect the performance of a web browser map application? The research has shown that the model applications were performing relatively poor, in particular, on mobile devices. The minification reduced the size of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files by about 11%, which had a slight impact on application performance (in the employed research design). It has been demonstrated that minification was insufficient for improving significantly the performance of the tested applications. Additional compression of image files is recommended.
Keywords: minification • ad-hoc maps • performance • raster • code obfuscation • geo-visualization
Dawid Kudas




Prospect of development of the VRSNET reference stations network
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.51
The VRSNET is a commercial active geodetic network of reference stations deployed on Polish territory and in neighbouring countries. The paper presents a spatial analysis of locations of VRSNET permanent stations whose antennas and satellite receivers continuously record signals transmitted by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The study focused on delimiting the potential average range of individual stations in Poland. Spatial analyses, including Voronoi/Thiessen diagram (Dirichlet tessellations) and spatial buffers were used in the research. The study evaluated the geometry of the VRSNET network for the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) measurements that use base vectors solely from the analysed stations. Possible development of the VRSNET network through launching new reference stations was elaborated, too. The spatial analyses indicated the localisation and range of areas with an insufficient density of the VRSNET network. The locations of 16 new reference stations have been delimited on Polish territory. The VRSNET network with newly designed stations was reassessed for validation using the Voronoi/Thiessen diagram and spatial buffers. The results were compared with the parameters for the Active Geodetic Network – European Position Determination System (ASG-EUPOS). Improved RTK measurement geometric parameters resulting from the proposed scenario of the VRSNET network development have been demonstrated. Network density can also have a positive impact on the measurement results of the Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK).
Keywords: VRSNET • active geodesic network design • RTK • GNSS • Voronoi/Thiessen polygons • CORS
Chima Jude Iheaturu
, Emmanuel Gbenga Ayodele
, Chukwuma John Okolie
An assessment of the accuracy of structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry for 3D terrain mapping
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.65
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with photogrammetric or remote sensing instrumentations offer numerous opportunities in mapping and data collection for topographic modelling. An example is an emerging technique known as Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry used for the collection of low-cost, high spatial resolution, three-dimensional data. This study utilised the real time kinematic-based point-to-point validation technique and two sets of randomly selected ground control points to assess the capability and geometric accuracy of SfM-technology for three-dimensional (3D) terrain mapping over a small study area to contribute to the knowledge of applicability. The data used was collected in Garscube Sports Complex, Glasgow City Council, Scotland. The study utilised fifteen (15) Ground Control Points (GCPs) coordinated by the Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) positioning technique, while a DJI Phantom 3 Professional unmanned aerial vehicle was used to obtain the aerial photos in a single flight to minimise cost. The processing of the photos was done using Pix4Dmapper Pro software version 4.2.27. A point-to-point validation method was used to evaluate the 3D positional accuracy of the orthophoto and DSM. The results of the validation with ten checkpoints suggest a high level of accuracy and acceptability given a Root Mean Square Error of 20.93 mm, 18.48 mm and 46.05 mm in the X, Y and Z coordinates respectively. In conclusion, the study has shown that SfM technique can be used to produce high-resolution and accurate topographic data for geospatial applications with significant advantages over the traditional methods. However, it is to be noted that the quality of the data captured is dependent on the methodology adopted and should be taken into consideration.
Keywords: SfM photogrammetry • orthophoto • DSM • topography • GNSS
The role of integration of spatial and social effort in the regeneration of residential areas
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.83
Regeneration of residential areas, with the main goal to improve the quality of space and life for residents, is often very costly and time-consuming. It is important to direct the regeneration process so that the effort and costs yield the expected results both for those responsible for the actions and residents of the relevant areas. The author has worked in a multidisciplinary team handling spatial and social integration of illegal residential districts in Montevideo Department, Uruguay. It was an opportunity to learn about the governmental scheme and the methods it employed. She participated in several projects at different stages and witnessed the results of the effort. Inspired by the effects of the scheme, she attempted to identify activities that were based on similar assumptions in Poland.
The pilot scheme by Ewa Kipta, later transformed into the Lublin Regeneration Scheme, was selected because it reached out to residents at an early stage of implementation. An in-depth analysis indicated that the social factor is important for the identification of the condition of the space and the effort to improve it. Residents took part in determining the directions of activities in their districts when detailed designs were being created and implemented. Regardless of the form of dialogue, the effort led to long-term effects the residents evaluated favourably in both cases.
Keywords: regeneration • residential environment • space quality • spatial and social integration • dialogue with residents
Izabela Piech
, Tadeusz Żaba
, Aleksandra Jankowska
Data classification based on photogrammetry
Corresponding author
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.93
The aim of the paper was to classify data from aerial laser scanning and CIR digital images, which were orientated, connected and aligned by the Agisoft Photoscan software. Then, in order to distinguish the ground a point cloud was generated. This was to create a correct terrain mesh and, in consequence, an orthophotomap. The next stage is to develop a new point cloud using ArcGIS. The land cover from the images was combined with the ground mapped by LiDAR. New heights were calculated relative to the ground surface height 0. The point cloud was converted into a raster form, providing a normalized Digital Surface Model (nDSM). It was the first element of the output composition, which also consisted of the NIR and RED channels, acquired from the cloud point generated in Agisoft. The colour composition obtained in such way was subjected to four object-oriented and pixel-oriented classification methods: I – ISO Cluster, II – Maximum Likelihood, III – Random Trees, IV – Support Vector Machine. Object grouping is possible due to information stored in the display content. This technique is prompted by human ability of image interpretation. It draws attention to more variables, so effects similar to human perception of reality are possible to achieve. The unsupervised method is based on a process of automatic search for image fragments, which allows assigning them to individual categories by a statistical analysis algorithm. In turn, supervised method uses “training datasets”, which are used to “teach” the program assigning individual or grouped pixels to classes [Benz UC et al., 2004]. The area studied for land development was the Lutowiska municipality, in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Bieszczady County. As a result of the classification, 11 classes of terrain features were distinguished: class 0 – road infrastructure, class 1 – roads, class 2 – buildings, class 3 – waters, class 4 – meadows, class 5 – arable lands, class 6 – pastures, class 7 – high vegetation, class 8 – medium vegetation, class 9 – low vegetation, class 10 – quarry. The area of research covers an area of about 28 km2. Aerial images were made in 2015. Field vision and photopoint measurement was carried out in May 2018.
Keywords: laser scanning • aerial images • supervised classification • unsupervised classification
Selected examples of historical cartography
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.111
In World War II, the Battle of Monte Cassino (also called the Battle of Rome) was a breakthrough moment of the Italian campaign.
The Battle of Monte Cassino, which was remarkably vicious and ruthless, lasted nearly five months. During the entire Italian campaign, which ran from 3 September 1943 to 2 May 1945, the Allies lost nearly 312,000 soldiers and Germans suffered about 435,000 killed and injured, i.e. an average of 1,233 people per day for both sides. The most fierce fights took place on the Gustav Line: Germans, Italians, Americans, French, British, Indians, New Zealanders, Poles, Canadians and South Africans lost about 200,000 soldiers within 129 days. The 2nd Polish Corps alone had 924 dead, 2930 injured and 345 missing.
During the recognition of the site and the preparation of the assaults, soldiers of the 12th Geographical Company of the 2nd Polish Corps drew, alongside maps, many perspective sketches of hills and structures from several observation posts. The authors attempted to analyse selected sketches, in terms of their geometric parameters and compatibility with a map made in 1944, based on aerial photographs. Some of these sketches are not perspective drawings but panoramic (mapped on cylindrical or spherical surface), with specified angular graduation and distances. Probably, they were to be used for artillery fire – which is proven by their precision. The art of the terrain’s details is also noteworthy. On the other hand, photogrammetric observations, unlike geodesic ones, are not made directly on the measured object, but indirectly on properly taken photographs. They are called measuring photos or photograms. The basic requirement for measuring photos is their fidelity with a central projection (which, in view of the imperfections of image extraction techniques, is only its closest mathematical model). After taking pictures, the actual dimensions and shape of the area or object recorded in the pictures are determined by awareness of the conditions under which these photos were taken (shooting distance and camera type). For these reasons, photogrammetric methods have been used in archaeology, architecture and preservation of monuments, astronomy, ballistics, construction, geology, mining, hydrology, forensics, forestry, medicine, automotive and shipbuilding industries, and especially in surveying and cartography.
Keywords: panoramic parameters • geometrical parameters • aerial photographs • Monte Cassino
Comparative analysis of selected online tools for JavaScript code minification. A case study of a map application
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.2.119
The performance of some map applications can be improved not only through the compression of raster files or appropriate data server configuration, but also by using source file minification. Minification can be more or less effective. The objective of the paper is to perform a comparative analysis of selected online tools for minifying JavaScript code and to measure the impact of such minification on the performance of a map application. Minification and performance tests were conducted on a prototype map application. The application was developed as a ZoomLens component extending the functionality of any website. Various tools yielded similar results of the JavaScript file minification, and it did not affect the values of aggregate performance indices. In most cases, it reduced the JavaScript file size by over a half. It has been demonstrated that minification of JavaScript code alone may not be sufficient to improve the application performance noticeably.
Keywords: boosting minification • bloating files • compression • performance • optimisation • ad hoc testing
The third issue, No. 3 (2020)
Companies investing in real estate leasing or rental (finn) as Poland's reit – the concept of institutional change
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.3.7
The planned incorporation into the Polish legal system in the near future and, consequently, the introduction of Companies Investing in Real Estate Leasing or Rental (FINN) into the Polish capital market will result in an institutional change within the financial system. Similarly to closed-ended investment funds and real estate joint-stock companies, the FINN companies will specialize in investing capital in the residential real estate market, and later perhaps also in the commercial real estate market. The principles of FINN’s activities included in the legislative draft are modelled directly on the legal regime of the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT), therefore, they will be subject to numerous prohibitions and limitations, introducing organizational controls and restrictions to the investments, which however is rationally justified. These procedures aim at creating an entity with a structure of a relatively neutral, passive real estate broker or intermediary, focused solely on generating benefits for investors-shareholders.
The initiation of the FINN market in Poland, and thus the scale of the ensuing institutional change, will be determined by the inclination of joint stock companies from the WIG-Nieruchomości index (Warsaw Stock Exchange Real Estate Index) to transform into FINN companies. In turn, this inclination will be determined by the conditions of institutional change – mostly of a legislative and market-driven character. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the conditions of institutional change and present a forecast of the development potential of the WIG-Nieruchomości companies, which, due to their very similar scope and form of activity, constitute the main functional basis for the emergence of the FINN market as a new, separate segment of the capital market in Poland.
Keywords: Company Investing in Real Estate Leases • FINN • REIT • institutional economics • institutional change
Yahyaoui Habibi
, Sami Guellouh
, Abdelwahhab Filali
, Razika Berchiche
Analysis of social resilience to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Algeria
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.3.19
This paper is an attempt to understand and overcome the peculiarity of the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19), described as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Covid-19 is spreading around the world, and particularly in Algeria, which announced the identification of the first case on the 26 February 2020. The number of confirmed cases is increasing day by day. Currently, we experience the spread of the word “resilience” in most diverse research areas and policy fields of modern society. Social resilience is the capacity of a social entity to proactively adapt to and recover from disturbances that are perceived within the social entity to fall outside the range of normal; this includes expected and unexpected disturbances. The main objective of this study is to contribute towards connecting the socio-economic vectors of this pandemic, and to integrate them into the GIS (Geographic Information System), in order to analyze the level of social resilience in Algeria. The analysis adopted the method known as the Hierarchical multi-criteria analysis (AHP), which defines the relative importance of each characteristics.
The findings of our research show that the factors of high unemployment and housing occupancy rates, high population density and the share of citizens aged over 60 directly influence the reduction in the level of social resilience to the novel coronavirus.
Keywords: WHO • GIS • coronavirus • Algeria • COVID-19 • social resilience
Impact of source code decompression (unminification process) on the map application performance
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.3.31
Performance is the key usability attribute. Application performance is affected by its constituent components such as scripts, image files, and libraries. The objective of the paper is to analyse the impact of source code decompression on the performance of a map application. It focuses on two research questions. RQ1: what is the effect of source code decompression through unminification on the map application performance; and RQ2: does an application with a decompressed source code exhibit the primary (initial) performance? A prototype map application was developed to tackle the questions. Three application variants were prepared: 1) basic, 2) minified (compressed), and 3) decompressed (unminified source code). All three variants had their performance tested. The results were juxtaposed. New notions were introduced: primary performance, secondary performance, and code recycling. It was demonstrated that the secondary performance was a compromise between the primary performance and code clarity (readability).
Keywords: human-computer interaction • application design • code beautification • code recycling
The prospect of introducing cadastral tax in the context of the history of real estate taxes in Poland
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.3.43
For many years, debates on the change of the real estate tax system have been underway in Poland. The proposed reform would consist in the change from the currently binding method of calculating the amount of tax in relation to the real estate area to ad valorem taxation, in other words its property value. Although the law in force in Poland describes the cadastral tax definition and the methodology for its determination, there are no actions aimed at changing the tax system. A huge social reluctance resulting mainly from the belief that changes in the field of land taxes will be associated with an increase in fees cause stagnation at government level in making decision in this direction. However, the cadastral tax is not something new in Poland. It appeared, in various shapes, at many stages in the history of the Polish State.
The subject of the work is the historical analysis of land cadastre and real estate taxation in Poland. The aim of the article is to show the methodological complexity in property taxation, with particular emphasis on the systems of calculating taxation in relation to the value of owned goods appearing in the history of Polish taxes.
Keywords: real estate tax • cadastral tax • land tax history
Karol Król
, Jozef Halva, Alexandra Pagáč Mokrá
Performance of map applications on mobile devices: case study
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.3.55
Performance is one of the most important indicators of quality of software. It plays a significant role not only for business websites and apps, but in case of map components and applications, especially for mobile devices. The aim of the paper is to measure performance of map applications on mobile devices. The performance testing was run on a prototype of an interactive map component of the zoom-lens type using selected web applications. Speed Index (measurement unit) reached the value of 1601 milliseconds, and Performance Score obtained the highest possible value (100 units). A high value of Lighthouse Performance Score was also noted (98 units). Study showed that satisfying measurement results of indices in relation to the time of loading of the component in the browser window are associated with a small size of the component. In case of small components, which enhance the functionality of map websites and apps, it is recommended to compress all parts of the component, regardless of the results of the performance tests.
Keywords: website performance • website speed test • loading speed • conversion rate • quality indices
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The fourth issue, No. 4 (2020)
The use of web application in monitoring the effects of introducing of lower meadows in Kraków’s city parks
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.7
Flower meadows provide opportunities for parks in city centres. Urban green areas combine elements of both natural and human origin, such as planning projects of management entities of green areas. Usually, these parks are compact and easy to separate, with objects intended for active and passive recreation, fully utilising the surroundings. On the basis of available planning documents and maps, the number, size and quality of green areas, including flower meadows in city parks, were determined. By examining the parks’ functional and spatial structure, it is possible to identify the areas in vicinity of which they are located, as well as their purpose and nature. A web application could raise awareness of the role and importance of flower meadows in city parks as an element of public space. For this reason it is currently very important to preserve green areas by surveying the plant structure and dominant phytocoenoses, creating natural maps that present and collect data on the richness of green areas. When analysing the distribution of selected types of city parks, it is possible to observe the dependence of their location to the central parts of cities. The web application presents the distribution of green areas in the urban planning. The application will allow collecting data, which can enable creating a green infrastructure of the Kraków city centre and suburbs, and in the future to show eco-urban aspects in a cartographic form. In the next phase, the application will be extended to a description of the species of meadow plants occurring in city parks. It will not only add didactic elements to the urbanscape, but will also allow for conducting natural field activities, linking garden premises with the surroundings and using local plants.
Keywords: urban ecology • internet cartography • city landscape management • green areas planning
Multidimensional cadastre as an element of participation in modern space management
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.17
Rapid economic and social development over the last decade has led to many changes in the way space is managed. The dynamically developing cities, complex infrastructure, vertical spatial division, as well as overlapping ownership rights (in 2D terms) resulted in an increase in the demand for the creation of modern space management systems. The aim of the work is an attempt to answer the question concerning the possibility of using a modern real estate cadastre system. The research method used is case study. The method was supported by an analysis of the literature in the field of land and building records and the use of GIS tools in network analyses. The subject of research is the use of data on building interiors. The task was carried out using the available GIS tools. The method of utilising graphic data presented in this article goes beyond the current cadastre functions and can be used, for example, to find a way inside a building.
Keywords: land and building records • multidimensional cadastre • augmented reality
NRTK measurements with FKP correction method in the subservice NawGeo of ASG‑EUPOS
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.27
The paper presents the analysis of the accuracy and repeatability of determining the position of the point by the Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) technique using the Flächenkorrekturparameter (FKP) concept. The measurement was based on the Active Geodetic Network – European Position Determination System (ASG-EUPOS). The FKP together with Virtual Reference Station (VRS) and Master Auxiliary Concept (MAC) is the currently available method of generating corrections in NRTK technique in NAWGEO sub-service of ASGEUPOS. NRTK positioning using FKP was analysed based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) signals, because the combination of these satellite systems is currently a common standard. The subject of the study was a 24-hour coordinate time series with a sampling interval of 30 seconds. The collected data was compared with the precise coordinates of the measuring point by calculating the linear deviations and the mean values of X, Y and Z coordinates’ errors and mean position errors for one-hour periods. Selected measures of positioning accuracy were determined, both for threedimensional and horizontal coordinates. An analysis of selected dilution of precision (DOP) factors was also carried out. The analyses were also carried out for coordinates expressed in the horizontal coordinate system and normal heights in force in Poland due to the assessment of the suitability of FKP for geodetic measurements. The experiment showed the expediency of NRTK measurements using FKP corrections generated based on observations from the ASG-EUPOS network for determining real-time position within the territory of Poland.
Keywords: NRTK • FKP • ASG-EUPOS • active geodetic network • NAWGEO
Andrzej Kwinta
, Joanna Bac-Bronowicz
Regular polygons in 2D objects shape description
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.43
Many real 3D objects have complex geometric shapes in various types of analyses. Image of these objects is recorded in the form of a 2D map. In the analysis, a simplification of this image to basic 2D figures with defined geometry is often needed. The paper presents an analysis of the geometry of a flat image (an image of a 3D object) using regular polygons. Geometry properties (F form, C centroid, S size) were determined to describe the object. Various criteria of selection of the ‘best’ regular n-sided polygon for a given 2D object (solved theoretically) were put forward. In the paper, criteria for describing a 2D object by regular n-sided polygons were defined on the basis of determining the measure of object shape elongation (e). In the ‘blind’ theoretical example, it was tested whether the individual shape measures listed in the paper allow for correct identification of the shapes of given 2D objects. The practical application of measures is illustrated by two actual examples. While in the first example the shape of the Canary Islands is analysed, the second example describes the shape of Poland’s borders. Actual examples deliver different results for different measures. In effect, there is no clear objective criterion for selecting a polygon shape. The simplifications of the shape of an object presented in the paper should not be equated with the object's generalization. Such simplifications are used in GIS to visualize geographic analyses based on the data available in the primary database, because the object will retain the character of the shape in the simplest possible geometry and neighborhood, and does not lose any of the scope and accuracy of the attributes assigned to a given object in the database.
Keywords: GIS • polygon geometry analysis • regular polygon • geometric object simplification
Bogusław Michalec
, Stanisław Lubowicz
Assessment of the impact of small bridges on the ditch capacity of the drainage system
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.63
The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of two small bridges located within the main ‘R’ ditch of the Łączany drainage system on the capacity of the selected fragment of this ditch. A fragment of the ‘R’ ditch was selected for the study, 311.7 m long, with two small bridges (bridge No. 1 at km 3 + 455 and bridge No. 2 at km 3 + 365) and 11 crosssections. Having conducted hydraulic calculations, the capacity of the selected fragment of the ditch was ascertained, assuming the base flow (reliable discharge) determined in the detailed design of the drainage system. The base flow, amounting to 9.77 m3 ∙ s–1, was also used to determine water damming in the examined bridges in accordance with the Regulation by the Minister of Transport and Maritime Economy. As a result of geodetic measurements, changes in the shape of the cross-sections of the ditch and changes to the bottom slope within the tested segment of the ditch were found. It was established that under the conditions of proper maintenance of the ditch, its capacity is not lower than the base flow. However, if the maintenance is neglected, the area before bridge No. 1 will be flooded, which is the result of the lowered capacity of the ditch. It was also found that the examined bridges did not contribute to the deterioration of the conditions of the base flow water through the ditch in the analysed fragment thereof.
Keywords: damming • small bridge • base flow (reliable discharge) • capacity • drainage system
Analysis of the density of the national network of reference stations on the example of ASG-EUPOS
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.4.77
Networks of reference stations play the role of sensors networks that continuously receive satellite signals. In this way, they provide data for many issues related to relative positioning. The density of reference stations network has an impact on measurements with kinematic techniques (e.g. RTK, NRTK) and the postprocessing of satellite observations recorded using the static technique. Networks of reference stations are divided according to their spatial range and the tasks they perform. The reference network can also be characterized by the network density. This article presents considerations concerning the determination of the average distance between the stations of national reference network, as well as between the stations of the higher accuracy network and the considered national network. The considerations relate to the example of the Polish ASG-EUPOS network. The average distance between the ASG-EUPOS network stations was determined in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) space. It was determined that the average 3D distance between neighbouring ASG-EUPOS stations is approx. 42 km. However, in the case of determining the average distance between the network points using the sides of Delaunay triangles, this value is approx. 70 km. In the case of averaging the distance to six closest neighbours of each station, the obtained value was approx. 69 km. The areas of the ASG-EUPOS network characterized by an inconvenient location in relation to the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network class A stations, which is a network of a higher accuracy class, to which the ASG-EUPOS is related, were also indicated.
Keywords: EPN • ASG-EUPOS’s NNI • tie vector length • basis vector
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