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Małgorzata Dudzińska , Barbara Prus

Land consolidation as one of the driving forces for socio-economic development of rural areas. Case study of the Małopolska Region

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.7

One of the benefits resulting from the implementation of land consolidation works should be the positive socio-economic change felt in rural areas. The aim of this paper is to examine the level of socio-economic development of rural municipalities of Małopolska Region, in which land consolidation projects were implemented in the years 2004–2013. The following were determined: the scope of implementation of land consolidation projects in municipalities of Małopolska Region, and the level of the socio-economic development of those municipalities. The study employed the following methods: analysis and synthesis of the literature, and the application of spatial-statistical approaches. The study determined that the values of the indicator expressing the dynamics of changes to the socio-economic development of municipalities were three times higher for the municipalities in which traditional land consolidation works were implemented as opposed to infrastructural ones. It was also observed that in the municipalities, in which traditional consolidation works were implemented, the level of socio-economic changes always took positive values, thus indicating the socio-economic development advantage compares to the situation in municipalities in which infrastructural consolidation projects were implemented.

Keywords: agricultural land consolidation • socio-economic level • dynamics of changes in socio-economic conditions • feedback

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Guellouh Sami , Kalla Mahdi, Filali Abdelwahhab, Habibi Yahyaoui

Site selection for future industrial infrastructure in the province of Constantine (Algeria)

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.23

The aim of this study is to select the appropriate sites for the designation of future industrial zones in the province of Constantine, Algeria, using a geographic information system (GIS) and Remote Sensing, including the appropriate technical and environmental requirements.
The identification of appropriate sites for the establishment of new industrial zones in alignment with a planning process based on a set of socio-economic and environmental information and instructions has become a key problem for planners.
The factors involved in the selection of sites are classified into two categories (exclusion factors and appreciation factors) to be able to identify the most appropriate areas for future industrial facilities in the province in question.

Keywords: Constantine • GIS • industrial zones • factors • remote sensing • selection of sites

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Karol Król

Evolution of online mapping: from Web 1.0 to Web 6.0

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.33

Web 5.0 performance appears limited only if seen through the prism of technological development. It presents the web as a human-controlled tool, which uses algorithms to attempt to personalize, search, and improve user experience, and to act for or on behalf of a person. Meanwhile, in the Web 6.0 era, the world will be quite unlike what we know today. For instance, it may turn out that Web 6.0 will mean the migration of human consciousness to cyberspace or to an unspecified “cloud” (of data, perhaps?). Will online maps even be needed in such a world?
The Web, seen in its current way, is “anchored in metabolism”. Web 6.0 endeavours to face up to that. Namely, Web 6.0 aspires to be an independent entity that functions in the Internet ecosystem, depending on the presence of electro-impulses, but without the necessity of “anchoring” on a durable data carrier. This development path could be indicated by the use of artificial intelligence, data analytics and (genetic) algorithms in Web 4.0. At the same time, it is difficult to say whether Web 6.0 will end up as one synthetic, self-conscious organism or a collective of “other identities”, i.e. the personalities of individual devices integrated in the network.

Keywords: Web 6.0 • independent existence • Web services • Web Technology • Web Application

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Karol Król , Dariusz Zdonek

The impact of raster file optimisation on the performance of a map application

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.53

Interactive data visualisations are popular and come in different forms, from static raster files to dynamic and complex proposals. The usability of the applications can be increased through the improvement of their technical attributes such as a reduced number of external components or image file compression. The objective of the paper is to analyse the correlation between raster compression and the performance of a map application. The research involved an application created specifically for this purpose. Raster compression and performance were measured using selected online tools. Raster compression has been demonstrated to enhance map application performance, although not all performance indicators improved.

Keywords: image compression • web services • geoinformatics • performance indicators • visual quality

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Peter Chigozie Nwilo , Emmanuel Gbenga Ayodele , Chukwuma John Okolie , Michael Joseph Orji , Mnguhenen Funmilayo Marve , Esther Abidemi Oyelade , Olagoke Emmanuel Daramola

An assessment of seasonal variations in the cref cors at the University of Lagos

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.63

Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) are reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), providing fundamental positioning infrastructure that is accurate and reliable. As such, CORS are designed to meet the needs of a wide range of users requiring high three-dimensional (3D) positional accuracy. The Continuously Operating Reference Station at the Engineering Faculty (CREF), University of Lagos was set up in order to support research applications in Surveying, Mapping and Geodesy. This study evaluates the seasonal variations in the 3D coordinates of CREF using metrics such as coordinate differences, Standard Deviation (SD) and Standard Error (SE). The Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS), known as CSRS – Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) was used to compute the station’s daily coordinates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. In the analysis, the daily coordinates were divided into two seasons - the wet and the dry. The results obtained show that the dry and the wet seasons had SDs (5.4 mm, 3.9 mm, and 2.0 mm) and (5.2 mm, 18.6 mm and 14.4 mm) in the x, y and z-directions respectively. Generally, the dry season presents a better result than the wet season as revealed by the accuracy metrics. These results have led to an increased understanding of the seasonal variability inherent in the data acquired by GNSS CORS, and must be taken into consideration: in particular, for GNSS applications such as the weather prediction and water vapour estimation. This study concludes that more needs to be done regarding the maintenance of CREF to ensure data continuity and reliability for geodetic studies.

Keywords: GNSS • CORS • CREF • CSRS-PPP • seasonal variation

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Przemysław Baster

Use of geodesy materials in bike orienteering marathons

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.79

The increase in the number of bike orienteering marathons in recent years in Poland has encouraged search for interesting terrains for races that would promise increasingly exciting competitions. In consequence, the significance of various geodetic materials during competition also grows. The type of used maps depends on the length of a race, communication system and the diversity of geological features and land cover. Proper reading of information contained on the maps by the organizers and competitors allows not only to identify an optimal route and find checkpoints, but also to reach monuments worth discovering. Such a presentation of cultural heritage – including the smallest, the most underestimated or forgotten landscape forms – is possible thanks to the ability to use existing maps combined with good orientation in the field.

Keywords: maps • geodesy • orienteering competitions • sense of direction • orienteering • cultural heritage

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Maria Zbylut-Górska , Adam Górski

Selected problems of the value appraisal of real estate built contrary to construction law — part I

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.91

The scope of the examination of the actual condition, and the examination of the legal status of real estate property has long raised practical doubts and dilemmas. In particular, the issue of the valuation expert’s obligation to take into account irregularities in construction proceedings raises a number of reservations.
In the first part of the article, the concept of unauthorized construction works (performed without a building permit) is presented; the duties of the appraiser provided for in the Real Estate Management Act are listed; the consequences of unauthorized construction works performed without a building permit, and other defects in the construction process are described; as well as difficulties in determining whether a given object has in fact been unauthorizedly constructed. Examples of decisions and permits issued in the construction process and their significance for the property appraiser were discussed.
The second part of the article analyses the impact of the building permit on the price of the real estate property and discusses the scope of the obligation for the property appraiser to examine the compliance of the valued property with building regulations. Examples of bank’s requirements for property appraisers will also be indicated, and the problem of the practical significance of clauses included in real estate appraisal reports will be presented. The discussion of all the above issues concludes with a summary.
As a rule, a real estate property appraiser is not a person authorized to assess whether a given object, in whole or in part, has been built or is being used in accordance with building regulations. The appraiser, due to the statutory duty to exercise special diligence appropriate to the professional nature of his or her activities, is required to collect and use all necessary and available data on the given real estate property. If a discrepancy is found in the analysed documentation, the appraiser should mention it in the report. The appraiser is neither entitled nor obliged to determine the causes of the discrepancies. The indicated circumstances justify the inclusion in the report a clause that the valuation of the property in question may change due to discrepancies revealed, or proceedings being conducted. Failure to provide relevant information and reservations may justify the expert’s liability under the applicable provisions of the Civil Code.

Keywords: real estate appraisal • Construction Law • unauthorized construction works (conducted without a building permit) • building permit

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Maria Zbylut-Górska , Adam Górski

Selected problems of the value appraisal of real estate built contrary to construction law — part II

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.101

The scope of the examination of the actual condition, and the examination of the legal status of real estate property has long raised practical doubts and dilemmas. In particular, the issue of the expert’s obligation to take into account irregularities in construction proceedings raises a number of reservations.
In the first part of the article, the concept of illegal construction works (performed without a building permit) had been presented; the duties of the appraiser provided for in the Real Estate Management Act were listed; the consequences of illegal construction works performed without a building permit, and other defects in the construction process were described, as well as difficulties in determining whether a given object had in fact been illegally constructed. Examples of decisions and permits issued in the construction process and their significance for the property appraiser were discussed.
The second part of the article analyses the impact of the building permit on the price of the real estate property and discusses the scope of the obligation for the property appraiser to examine the compliance of the valued property with building regulations. Examples of bank’s requirements for property appraisers are indicated, and the problem of the practical significance of clauses included in real estate appraisal reports are presented. The discussion of all the above issues concludes with a summary.
As a rule, a real estate property appraiser is not a person authorized to assess whether a given object, in whole or in part, has been built or is being used in accordance with building regulations. The appraiser, due to the statutory duty to exercise special diligence appropriate to the professional nature of his or her activities, is required to collect and use all necessary and available data on the given real estate property. If a discrepancy is found in the analysed documentation, the appraiser should mention it in the report. The appraiser is neither entitled nor obliged to determine the causes of the discrepancies. The indicated circumstances justify the inclusion in the report a clause that the valuation of the property in question may change due to discrepancies revealed, or proceedings being conducted. Failure to provide relevant information and reservations may justify the expert’s liability under the applicable provisions of the Civil Code.

Keywords: real estate appraisal • construction law • illegal construction works (without a building permit) • building permit

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Justyna Wójcik-Leń , Izabela Skrzypczak , Grzegorz Oleniacz , Karol Ożóg , Przemysław Leń

Determination of demand for land consolidation works in villages with a ribbon land layout

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.115

In the European Union, the restructuring of rural areas based on the consolidation process is a common activity, and therefore Poland’s membership in the EU has enabled the development of these zones through financial support for the analysed activities. The development of agriculture in Poland, as well as its production capabilities, are spatially very diverse. One of the reasons for this is the process of long-term transformations of the agricultural economy in areas with a different socio-economic situation, lasting for many years. Land consolidation works are aimed at creating more favourable farming conditions in agriculture and forestry by improving the area structure of farms, forests and forest lands, rational land layout, adapting property borders to the land drainage system, roads and land relief. The research was carried out in the rural commune of Żarnów, located in the Opoczno poviat, in the Łódź voivodship, which included 41 registration precincts with a total area of 14,106.0 hectares. In order to create a ranking of urgency of performed land consolidation and exchange works in the Żarnów commune, 32 most important factors characterizing individual villages were used previously. A ranking was made using the zero unitarisation and Hellwig’s methods. The article is a continuation of research, where the authors identified spatial and technical parameters of agricultural land in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the examined commune.

Keywords: land consolidation • ranking methods • arable land • rural areas

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Justyna Wójcik-Leń , Izabela Skrzypczak , Grzegorz Oleniacz , Karol Ożóg , Przemysław Leń

Identification of spatial and technical parameters of agricultural land in the ribbon land layout

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.129

Each developed area in which there are various objects is characterized by specific structures that together form a broadly understood spatial structure. It covers spatial and natural objects as well as those resulting from human activities. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of the Polish countryside seems to be increasingly unfavourable. Rural areas in different regions of Poland are characterized by different spatial parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed research and analysis enabling the selection of appropriate factors describing the area under study in terms of determining the urgency of undertaking comprehensive land consolidation and exchange works, as rural areas in Poland need deep structural changes related to agricultural production, farm size, shaping land layout, demographic, spatial and institutional structure. The selection of factors describing the examined villages was made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the natural, social and economic conditions of the villages on the basis of data obtained from the Land and Property Register of the County Office in Opoczno and data from the Żarnów commune. The research results will allow the selection of the most important factors characterizing the spatial structure of the research area. The purpose of the paper is to identify the spatial and technical parameters of agricultural lands in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the Żarnów commune, which will be the starting point for determining the needs of land consolidation works in 41 villages of the Żarnów commune, located in the Opoczno poviat, the Łódź voivodship.

Keywords: land consolidation • arable land • defective spatial structure of rural areas

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Tadeusz Żaba , Izabela Piech

Integration of the water and sewage system model with the GIS application

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.143

The GIS system has permanently entered the current operations of water supply companies. Due to the intensive development of cities and the resulting dynamic development of technical infrastructure, which is inherent in the functioning of the city, more and more extensive functionalities are expected from the GIS application. To fulfil the obligation to ensure continuity of water supply and sewage collection, it is necessary to constantly expand the system, extending it with new possibilities and integrate it with other software used in the company. We expect the created application not only to allow spatial identification of network sections, but also to simulate various operating conditions of the water supply and sewage collection system, and facilitate making current decisions related to the system operation and its regulation. Also, situations in which the system works in conditions that deviate from typical parameters are important. These situations can be caused by breakdowns, increased demand for water or heavy rainfall. To achieve the ability to support decisions independently of the GIS system, it is necessary to properly tare the hydraulic models of the system, and an extensive measurement system from which data is sent to the SCADA system via a data transmission system. The cooperation of the GIS and SCADA systems and hydraulic models allows for the creation of integrated software to support operational services. The paper presents a practical example of integration of the GIS system with hydraulic models of a water and sewage system, as well as available functionalities that allow improving the management of the water and sewage system in Krakow.

Keywords: GIS SCADA • hydraulic model • integration • water supply system • sewage system

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Bogdan Jankowicz

Smart city Kraków in the historically conditioned environment

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.153

Creating a smart city is a long-term process related to planning a new urban structure, whereas knowledge of the history of the city’s and its area’s development is not without significance. The presented article shows how environmental factors that may have their sources in the past may impact the contemporary creation of a smart city. When planning the development of a smart city, it is impossible not to take into account the history of the city’s development in the past and the environment in which it was created. Changes in Kraków’s environment (the terrain, land forms, and water network) that have occurred over many years have undoubtedly a significant impact on the formation of a specific city profile – not only in terms of geography and climate (humidity, poor ventilation) but also in social, communication and cultural terms. These factors mean that the creation of smart-city in the case of Kraków will have to be slightly different than in the case of other cities with an environment that has been more stable over time. Apart from the lack of financial resources, the development of a smart city in Kraków is hampered by the lack of implemented solutions that would involve the local community in the co-management of the city. In addition, the Open Data concept, which allows public data to be opened and made available to residents in various digital formats, encouraging the creation of new services based thereon, still remains an untapped resource. Some cities, such as Wrocław, Poznań or Łódź have tried to make available some of the city’s data, albeit to a very small extent. Another problem is the lack of spatial planning and urban chaos. Reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions is also a substantial challenge facing the local authorities. A majority of large Polish cities, especially in winter, exceed the permissible air pollution standards, which automatically excludes them from the group of smart cities.

Keywords: smart city • technologies • environmental conditions

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Izabela Piech , Tadeusz Żaba , Piotr Bordzoń

Inventorying of power network using detection techniques

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2020.1.163

The dynamic development of digital technology allows for fast processing of geospatial information for military and civilian applications. Updating geospatial information is an important source of development for today’s economy, based on the freedom of access to databases, and obtaining data using images in different ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum is a comprehensive solution for spatial analysis. Dissemination of research on image acquisition and image processing allows placing sensors at different heights above the Earth’s surface [Dąbrowski et al. 2010].
Technological progress allows greater flexibility in the implementation of commissions that enable, over time, obtaining data in an increasingly economical way. An example of technological optimization is the UAV – the unmanned aerial vehicle – technique, which makes it possible to compete with traditional imaging tasks using aerial photographs [Bareth et al. 2015]. Remote sensing applications are becoming more and more common. This is due to the increase in the capacity of photosensitive matrices, which translates into an increase in image resolution. Due to the tendency towards improvement, better image quality, and increasingly sophisticated algorithms for multispectral image analysis, remote sensing applications will constitute an increasing range of services.
The factor favouring the satellite technique is the occurrence of continuous shooting in a short time interval, which affects the popularization of this technique due to the gathering and updating of the collection.
By using various techniques, a quantitative and qualitative analysis will be made, coupled with an assessment of the accuracy of the location of objects, costs and efficiency for each method. Remote sensing is based on the classification of objects. Classes represent the respective values from the intervals, in which different wavelengths interact with the object through reflection, absorption or transmission.

Keywords: GIS • spectral channels • classification • WORLDVIEW-3 • GSD • NIIRS

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