The second issue, No. 2/1
Title page, content 
Sławomir Mikrut 
The use of modern photogrammetric techniques in the inventory of historical monuments - focus on the Potocki Palace in Krzeszowice
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.2.01
The study presents advanced measurement methods used in the inventory of historic buildings, focused on the Potocki Palace in Krzeszowice. The paper focuses on two main measurement methods that allowed comprehensive and accurate documentation to be obtained. The first technique was terrestrial laser scanning, using specialised laser scanners to collect data. In order to reproduce the actual colours and texture of the object under study, the scanning method was supported by photogrammetry. The second method was low-ceiling photogrammetry, which provided even more accurate data about the Palace. Data processing resulted in a three-dimensional (3D) solid, consisting of a multi-million-point cloud. This was followed by a vectorisation process, which made it possible to obtain a full-dimensional representation of the studied object. The results allowed a detailed analysis of the Potocki Palace, including the identification of damage and changes occurring over the years. This documentation provides a solid basis for future conservation, modernisation and research work related to the building.
The paper also points out the potential possibilities of using modern technologies to visualize inventoried objects. The technique of Virtual Reality (VR) and showing the object in 3D, which has been popular so far, has recently found even wider possibilities giving input to the construction of so-called Augmented Reality (AR).
Keywords: photogrammetry, laser scanning, inventory of monuments, virtual reality, Potocki Palace in Krzeszowice
Sławomir Mikrut
The use of artificial intelligence methods for analyzing images obtained through low-altitude photogrammetry technology to calculate the volume of mass in open-pit mines
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.2.02
Measurements using drones have enabled significant changes in inventorying and monitoring mining areas. Drone-based measurements can be faster and more accurate [Mazurek 2018]. Aerial photographs taken with drones allow the surveying department in mines to accurately represent the photographed terrain and make precise measurements, which can be used, among other things, to calculate the volume of mass. The aim of the article is to present the results of research on the automated process of acquiring and processing photogrammetric data for the purpose of calculating mass volumes. As part of the research, an algorithm based on classical methods and deep learning was developed.
AGH, in collaboration with the Silesian University of Technology and 3D Format company from Gliwice, has developed a system for automated volumetric measurements based on low-altitude photogrammetry using non-metric photos and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to provide cyclical volume measurement services on the Polish market. The idea of the system is to acquire data automatically, then provide the data in the cloud, maximize measurement automation, and provide results in near real-time. The entire process is to be conducted using software available through the website. The project was divided into several stages; in this publication, I want to focus on the automation of the measurement of surveying points.
Keywords: photogrammetry, UAV, artificial intelligence, open pits mines
, Rabah Zennir , Boubaker Khallef Assessment of the quality of the ecological environment of an area with tourist potential using the remote sensing ecological index: Case of El Kala National Park (Algeria)
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.1.03
The assessment of the ecological quality of the environment in El Kala National Park plays an important role in the protection and management of its tourist potential in the face of ecological constraints that have arisen. The present study is based on the use of remote sensing data; its main objective is to analyze the ecological quality in a protected area using the remote sensing ecological index which is based on the calculation of vegetation indices based on Landsat images taken in 2013 and 2023. This observation period shows that the values of drought, temperature, and humidity in the study area increased while the greenness values decreased. The RSEI index was calculated using principal component analysis of the fourth indicators (NDVI, WET, NDBSI, and LST) which made it possible to quantitatively analyze, monitor, and dynamically evaluate changes in the ecological quality of the environment in this park over the past 10 years. The results obtained show that the spatio-temporal distribution of the ecological quality of the environment of the park experienced a downward trend from 2013 to 2023 with a regression rate of -10.16% for the classes of good and excellent quality ecological. This study is considered a reference for the formulation of measures aimed at protecting the quality of the environment in El Kala National Park, and also a database to determine monitoring indicators for sites characterized by significant tourism potential.
Keywords: tourism potential • ecological constraints • Remote Sensing Ecological Index • ecological quality • El Kala Park • Algeria
Khaoula Bedri , Mohamed Aguid Bachar Assed , Hassan Taib , Riheb Hadji , Nabil Defaflia , Mira Filali
Blast design and improvement of the quality of fragmentation in the aggregate quarries. Case study: Djebel Bouzegza C01
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.2.04
Fragmentation efficiency is important concerned in mining and quarrying as it effects on the productivity of different mining operations. Various parameters effect on the quality of the fragmentation. However, this research was aimed to study the effect of powder factor, burden and spacing on the blasting fragmentation in the Djebel Bouzegza C01 quarry, Boumerdes, Algeria. For the evaluation of the average size fragment, it had been used the processing image Split Desktop (P50) and compared with the results of the predictive model Kuz Ram (X50). The highest values of X50 (680.00 mm) and P50 (645.45 mm) were recorded when the largest values of (burden × spacing) that were (4.5 m × 4.5 m) and in the smallest value of the powder factor which was 0.20 kg · m–3. The Fragmentation Indicator FI gives the affectedness of the Kuz Ram Model. After plotting the results on 3D surface, it has improved the results of the average size when the burden will be less than 3.70 m and the powder factor will be less than 0.64 kg · m–3 while to minimized the percentile of oversize fragments, it was obtained that the burden will be less than 3.70 mm, otherwise the powder factor was more than 0.30 kg · m–3. Blast design parameters and the powder factor are therefore important variables in improving the results of blast fragmentation.
Keywords: design blast • powder factor • Kuz Ram model
Mohamed-Sadek Messis , Azeddine Mebarki , Abdelaaziz Merabti
Mapping of annual and frequency rainfall in the Cheliff catchment area (Northwestern Algeria)
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.2.05
In recent years, there has been a common use of automatic precipitation mapping based on various interpolation methods. Based on multiple linear regression, the study primarily focuses on the entire Cheliff basin (43 750 km²), to search a suitable model for mapping mean annual precipitation based on 89 rainfall stations of the observed series (1968/69–2001/2002). Then conducts on the upper part of Cheliff basin downstream the Boughzoul dam (4777 km²) using 11 rainfall stations of annual precipitation series relative to the period 1982/83–2020/2021. The same approach was used to map median annual precipitations and quantiles of rain associated with the return periods of 5 and 10 years, representing both wet and dry periods. Indeed, this work is based on the backward elimination method between the observed annual precipitation and four predictors: smoothed altitude (Zs), longitude (X), latitude (Y) and distance from the sea (D). The model’s results are satisfactory with a global correlation coefficient for both regional (R = 0,89) and local scale (R > 0,81). The final maps obtained are produced after interpolating by kriging the residuals. The median annual precipitation map was compared to that elaborated by the National Hydraulic Resources Agency (ANRH). The comparison results of 2296 nodes of the grid covering the Upper Cheliff basin showed negative deviations on average - 10% and reaching - 34% in northern area reflecting a dry trend in precipitation. The final grids of rainfall can be integrated into Geographical Information Systems related to many sectors including water management and climate change.
Keywords: rainfall • relief parameters • multiple linear regression • automatic mapping • Cheliff
Lahcene Hadjhafsi , Fateh Toufik Benaissa , Ali Redjem , Kadri Derradji
Residential building forms and energy efficiency in the Saharan climate: the case of Adrar, Algeria
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2024.2.06
Algeria is a country that has witnessed rapid development as a result of its abundant oil supplies. The country’s GDP to energy consumption ratio clearly shows the need to adopt energy efficiency policies. Taking into account the regulation of excess solar radiation in the desert environment, this study examines the relationship between the shape of different buildings and their energy use. This research was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the ideal building shape for the city of Adrar, in terms of energy consumption, was determined by studying three basic geometric shapes, including square, rectangular, and triangle shapes. According to simulation research conducted using Design Builder (version 6.1.0), a square building was the best shape to maximize energy performance. To analyze the thermal behavior of different building shapes, all structures with expanded shapes were simulated based on the ideal shape discovered in the first stage. Of the three extended alternative cases, the case of the Mini Arrival offers the best energy efficiency and sufficient natural lighting thanks to its 90 cm depth and no vertical offset from the top of the window. By adding design principles to the design process, this study helps improve the energy efficiency of new buildings and also gives another angle on research methods for solving energy performance issues regarding desert buildings.
Keywords: energy performance • residential building • passive design • building shapes • desert climate