In World War II, the Battle of Monte Cassino (also called the Battle of Rome) was a breakthrough moment of the Italian campaign. The Battle of Monte Cassino, which was remarkably vicious and ruthless, lasted nearly five months. During the entire Italian campaign, which ran from 3 September 1943 to 2 May 1945, the Allies lost nearly 312,000 soldiers and Germans suffered about 435,000 killed and injured, i.e. an average of 1,233 people per day for both sides. The most fierce fights took place on the Gustav Line: Germans, Italians, Americans, French, British, Indians, New Zealanders, Poles, Canadians and South Africans lost about 200,000 soldiers within 129 days. The 2nd Polish Corps alone had 924 dead, 2930 injured and 345 missing. During the recognition of the site and the preparation of the assaults, soldiers of the 12th Geographical Company of the 2nd Polish Corps drew, alongside maps, many perspective sketches of hills and structures from several observation posts. The authors attempted to analyse selected sketches, in terms of their geometric parameters and compatibility with a map made in 1944, based on aerial photographs. Some of these sketches are not perspective drawings but panoramic (mapped on cylindrical or spherical surface), with specified angular graduation and distances. Probably, they were to be used for artillery fire – which is proven by their precision. The art of the terrain’s details is also noteworthy. On the other hand, photogrammetric observations, unlike geodesic ones, are not made directly on the measured object, but indirectly on properly taken photographs. They are called measuring photos or photograms. The basic requirement for measuring photos is their fidelity with a central projection (which, in view of the imperfections of image extraction techniques, is only its closest mathematical model). After taking pictures, the actual dimensions and shape of the area or object recorded in the pictures are determined by awareness of the conditions under which these photos were taken (shooting distance and camera type). For these reasons, photogrammetric methods have been used in archaeology, architecture and preservation of monuments, astronomy, ballistics, construction, geology, mining, hydrology, forensics, forestry, medicine, automotive and shipbuilding industries, and especially in surveying and cartography.