Generating a web map of digital cultural heritage using large language models: A case study of Krakow
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, University of Agriculture in Krakow
Submission date: 2026-02-04
Final revision date: 2026-02-10
Acceptance date: 2026-02-13
Publication date: 2026-04-03
Corresponding author
Karol Król
Wydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Geodezji, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, p. 244, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape 2026;(1)
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This article presents a case study examining the use of large language models (LLMs) in the process of creating an interactive map of Krakow’s digital cultural heritage. The aim of the study was to analyse the potential of LLMs as tools supporting fast prototyping of web maps in a popularisation and narrative context. The research methodology consisted of comparing two variants of the generated map using differently configured language models, while maintaining the same point dataset and the Leaflet.js programming library. In both variants, the LLM served as a client- side application code generator, and a tool supporting the integration of descriptive data and user interface design. The results suggest that a more elaborate user interface was generated using the standard ChatGPT interface, whilst the specialised GPT model produced a solution with lower logical complexity, understood as the range of decision-making rules and data processing implemented on the client side of the application. This confirms that the degree of language model specialisation does not translate directly into the functional scope of the generated map application. The conclusions highlight the role of LLMs as tools that support the design process and shorten the prototyping cycle in web cartography, while maintaining expert control over the data and their interpretation.
REFERENCES (15)
1.
Cegielska K., Salata T., Kudas D., Szylar M. 2018. Concept of municipality geoportal – selected legal and administrative issues. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 12(1), 45–57.
https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2....
2.
Dziatkiewicz Ł., Król K. 2026. Krakowski Szlak Arcade. Opracowanie mapy krakowskich salonów gier arcade jako części Turystycznego Szlaku Cyfrowego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego (KrADE). Kraków: DigitalHeritage.
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.fig....
3.
Edler D., Vetter M. 2019. The Simplicity of Modern Audiovisual Web Cartography: An Example with the Open-Source JavaScript Library leaflet.js. KN J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf., 69, 51–62.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42489....
5.
Horbiński T., Lorek D. 2022. The use of Leaflet and GeoJSON files for creating the interactive web map of the preindustrial state of the natural environment. Journal of Spatial Science, 67(1), 61‒77.
https://doi.org/10.1080/144985....
7.
Król K. 2024. Mapping digital cultural heritage museums in Poland. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology – Organization and Management Series, 206, 397‒417.
https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-....
8.
Michaelis C., Ames D. 2008. Web Feature Service (WFS) and Web Map Service (WMS). In: Encyclopedia of GIS. S. Shekhar, H. Xiong (eds). Springer, Boston, MA.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-....
9.
Roth R.E., Donohue R.G., Sack C.M., Wallace T.R., Buckingham T.M. 2014. A process for keeping pace with evolving web mapping technologies. Cartographic Perspectives, 78, 25‒52.
https://doi.org/10.14714/CP78.....
10.
Smajić A., Karlović R., Bobanović Dasko M., Lorencin I. 2025. Large Language Models for Structured and Semi-Structured Data, Recommended Systems and Knowledge Base.
12.
Stefanakis E. 2017. Web mercator and raster tile maps: two cornerstones of online map service providers. Geomatica, 71(2), 100‒109.
https://doi.org/10.5623/cig201....
13.
Stray V., Florea R., Paruch L. 2022. Exploring human factors of the agile software tester. Software Quality Journal, 30, 455–481. DOI: 10.1007/s11219-021-09561-2.
15.
Zunino A., Velázquez G., Celemín J.P., Mateos C., Hirsch M., Rodriguez J.M. 2020. Evaluating the performance of three popular Web mapping libraries: A case study using Argentina’s life quality index. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(10), 563.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi91....