The first issue, No. 1
Fatih Boucenna 
, Bilal Fenazi, Mechati Boukoffa
Groundwater investigation in saharan areas using statistical and stable isotope approaches – el golea central south of Algeria case study
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.7
Groundwater quality determination and age estimation in a desert landscape of El Golea province situated in the south of Algeria has been investigated in the present research paper. For this regard, 57 water samples were collected from an aquifer composed of two superimposed systems; phreatic and deep continental intercalary (CI) aquifers which are a part of the Northern Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS). Samples were analyzed to assess the age and water quality using descriptive, multivariate statistics (PCA and HCA) and stable isotopes. It is revealed that more than 71% of the IC points are characterized by a water type (Ca2+, Mg2+) (HCO3–)2 and more than 83% of the TC samples are defined by a water type (Ca2+, Na+) (HCO3–, SO42–) and very high salt ions contents due to the influence of surface water, evaporate leaching and irrigation water return. The isotopic composition of samples of phreatic and CI aquifers shows a clear difference between the two qualities of water. The phreatic aquifer is characterized by the δ18O range from –4.68 to –6.1, whereas δ2H from –47.25 to –59.48 and CI with values of the δ18O range from –5.96 to –7.6, and δ2H range between –53.7 and –65.78 isotopic signature. The unconfined aquifer above IC forms a special case of a mixture of ancient water from deep horizons and recent water strongly enriched from shallow horizon lands.
Keywords: Albian aquifer • geochemistry • statistical approaches • stable isotopes • Saharan land
Przemysław Klapa 
Integration of terrestrial laser scanning and uav-based photogrammetry for heritage building information modeling
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.23
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of generating 3D models based on object databases. They are made for various types of buildings, sites and objects, and their task is to represent all the structural and architectural features of the object using parametric models. The BIM technology involves the preparation of the model that is already at the design stage of the building, in such a way that it is used during conceptual and implementation works, as well as during its final operation. However, a BIM model of existing objects can also be generated. Historic buildings are a special group of objects The HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modeling) model is used not only as an inventory of the object in its current state, but also as a background and a tool for visualising the object in its restored state, or as a source of information about the building itself for conservation, renovation and documentation purposes. Such a model can be created based on various types of source data. The basis for the development of the BIM model can be formed by data acquired during the inventory of the facility using surveying methods, laser scanning and photogrammetry. This paper presents the process of data acquisition of a historic object using the example of Lamus Dworski with the use of TLS and UAV. The study also includes the process of HBIM modeling of the object using point clouds as well as photographic documentation and data recorded in the monument card.
Keywords: BIM • data integration • geospatial data • TLS • UAV • 3D model
Monika Piwko , Przemysław Leń
Assessment of the impact of the Tomaszów Lubelski bypass on the spatial structure of rural areas
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.35
In recent years, the road network in Poland has undergone significant development, meeting the objective of creating a coherent network of roads to ensure the efficient functioning of passenger and freight transport. Linear investments, such as the construction of motorways, expressways or bypasses, are an important element that improves the safety and comfort of the life of residents, and has a significant impact on the economic and regional progress. In addition to the undoubted benefits of constructing a bypass, its possible negative impact on the surrounding agricultural and forest areas should be emphasised. Poor planning and construction of the bypass itself, without prior programming of survey and management works, can lead to disturbances in the spatial structure of neighbouring villages.
This study attempts to analyse and evaluate the impact of the construction of the Tomaszów Lubelski bypass on the spatial structure of rural areas located in the eastern part of Tomaszów County (Lubelskie Voivodeship), which is a 9.58 km long section of the S17 Warsaw – Hrebenne expressway. The study undertook a detailed analysis of only those factors that adversely affect the spatial structure of rural areas. On the basis of research on the subject, factors affecting and significantly changing the spatial structure of rural areas were identified, which allowed to formulate final conclusions regarding the problem of realising linear investments in relation to shaping the space of rural areas.
Keywords: spatial structure • land use • linear investments • bypass • land consolidation • landscape planning
Simplified diffusion analysis – cartography as a tool for combating pandemics
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.45
The transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a complex and intricate process, but it is possible to efficiently track and contain the spread of the pandemic in a given area by observing the regularities of the pathogen’s diffusion. One of the basic measures to hamper the development of the disease was to reduce the intensity of social contact by banning free movement. An adequate response in selected regions, where the virus develops much more rapidly, is crucial and prevents serious economic damage to many industries. The modern perception of cartography as an interdisciplinary tool can contribute to limiting the diffusion of infection through spatial analyses.
The aim of this paper is to present cartography as a tool to support the “management” of a pandemic. In terms of methodology, the well-known choropleth map method was employed along with spatial structure analyses. The basic category considered within the framework of statistics and econometrics is spatial relationships formulated for the purpose of achieving the set objective in the form of spatial weight matrices. In the analyses presented here, a modified Moran model was used, within which the Authors applied a row-standardised weight matrix using migration data of individual counties. The paper reviews what has been achieved so far, based mainly on European solutions. Insufficient availability of reliable data needed for advanced models (especially in the initial phase of virus spread) means that using migration data from the nearest neighbourhood can be a viable solution. This approach comes down to an analysis of migration and the population density in the county in question. A simplified analysis with a statistically significant probability allows the identification of counties that could potentially become sites of uncontrolled virus transmission in areas of high population density and high mobility. This is undoubtedly the main achievement of the publication.
The results obtained converge approximately with the actual development of a pandemic. The studies carried out indicate that the development of a pandemic is influenced not only by the number of infections, but above all by population density, as well as economic, social, educational and transport networks, as shown by the high Pearson coefficient correlation of 0.83. The analyses indicate the possibility of uncontrolled transmission of the virus in areas of high population density and high mobility.
Keywords: cartography • spatial weight matrix • SARS-CoV-2 • COVID-19 • choropleth map • pandemic combating model
Renata Ostrowska
Impact of eu funds on the development of mountain areas in the period 2007–2013 – the example of the Lipnica Wielka municipality
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.57
European Union support is often very important at the beginning of an investment, especially when own resources are insufficient. EU funds provide Poland with a range of development opportunities, and whether they are used appropriately depends mainly on their proper management. Lipnica Wielka is an example of the use of such funds, especially in the period 2007–2013, when the funds were primarily intended to improve the quality of life of residents. The investments in infrastructure should have a positive impact on tourism in the area. The municipality’s main assets are its clean air and attractive location. Advanced organic farming together with a well-developed recreational and agrotourism base have been adopted as the main target of the Municipality’s Local Development Plan. The material benefits of the development of tourism and agrotourism are expected to improve the standard of living of the municipality’s residents. The aim of the paper is to analyse the use of grants received from the EU funds and to determine their impact on the development of the municipality. The largest investment included the extension of the sewerage system and the sewage treatment plant. Only 3% of the total funds were allocated to the development of tourism and agrotourism. The objectives of the Municipality’s Local Development Plan were not achieved within the set time frame.
Keywords: European Union • EU funds • mountainous areas • rural renewal
, Małgorzata Frosik New technologies in real estate market analysis
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.65
The aim of the study was to present new technologies that are useful for obtaining spatial information on real estate and integrating the data with existing databases maintained by public administration agencies. The technologies presented include the use of GIS tools combined with vector data representing cadastral parcels, and raster data acquired by LiDAR technology. The study also employs descriptive data containing transactional information. The application of these new tools for obtaining spatial information provides real estate market operators with additional data that allows for more reliable market analysis. The methodology of this work has been divided into two parts, the first part related to the creation of a real estate database as a reference for the acquisition of spatial data. The second part was dedicated to the acquisition, processing and analysis of spatial conditions in the study area.
The study used the data on transactions to determine the parcels for which data on elevation situation were acquired. LiDAR data was then applied to the determined parcels to generate the DTM. The obtained terrain elevation model was processed by raster tools, which created maps of slope and maps of aspect.
Currently the data on the features of properties found in real estate price registers maintained by public administration agencies are becoming more accessible in result of the ongoing digitisation of administrative offices in Poland. However, these data do not contain information on slope and aspect – two real estate features that are crucial for surveying areas with varied relief. The presented analysis draws attention to new ways of acquiring spatial data and integrating it with existing databases. Finding ways to integrate data obtained from public administration agencies with modern geographic information systems (GIS) would improve the work not only of valuers, but also of many other real estate professionals (e.g. brokers, developers, bank analysts).
Keywords: GIS • real estate market analysis • terrain slope • exposure of cadastral parcels
Draft of the Zamość development plan of 1939
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/gll/2023.1.75
The paper is written in the form of a scientific essay. The method used was the analysis of historical and contemporary planning materials, starting from the interwar period. Extensive specialist literature has been studied, especially that which raises the issue of the urban, architectural and cultural values of Zamość. It provides an analysis of the “Draft of the Zamość Development Plan of 1939” (“Szkicowy projekt planu zabudowania Zamościa z 1939 r.”) by the architect Jan Zachwatowicz and the urbanist Władysław Wieczorkiewicz. The paper also describes the circumstances leading to the foundation of Zamość. It draws attention to the elements missing from the contemporary urban development plans of the town, which were present in the excellent pre-war planning work. It also underlies the importance of municipal public transport, which should always be the basis for the delimitation of functional zones. It also includes a brief discussion of the 1994 “General Local Plan for the Spatial Development of the City of Zamość” („Miejscowy plan ogólny zagospodarowania przestrzennego miasta Zamościa z 1994 r.”), which, according to the author, is the best planning document produced after the Second World War. The aim of the study was to highlight those elements that coincided with the idea of the 1939 plan sketched by Jan Zachwatowicz and Władysław Wieczorkiewicz. The paper uses the method of footnotes, which refer the reader to the relevant source material and may also provide additional commentary on the presented content. The three illustrations are photographs of maps (charts) of the 1939 plan. They are also included in the 2018 scholarly monograph “Cartographic zamostiana” („Kartograficzne zamostiana”) by Wojciech Przegon and Jakub Żygawski.
Keywords: Zamość • urban planning • spatial development plan • cultural heritage